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Organisms and environment: Mini modules > Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Roughly how many people in the 20th century have been killed by infectious diseases?

A

1680 million

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2
Q

What were the major infections causing concern last century?

A 
Measles
HIV/ AIDS
Hepatitis 
Influenza pandemics
Respiratory viruses
Smallpox
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3
Q

What are the current major infections causing concern?

A

HIV/ AIDS
Influenza
Hepatitis
Emerging threats like Ebola

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4
Q

What bacteria is whooping cough caused by?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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5
Q

Why is whooping cough becoming more prevalent in developed nations?

A

It is becoming more prevalent in developed nations now where people are refusing vaccines

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6
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of nature, distribution, causation, transfer, prevention and control of disease

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7
Q

What does the abbreviation YLL mean?

A

Years of life lost due to premature mortality

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8
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A disease normally found in animals and insects that goes on to infect humans as well

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9
Q

What are some current concerns relating to bacterial infection?

A

Antibiotic resistance
Reduced vaccination rates
Poverty and its associated issues such as lack of access to sanitary water

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10
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen.

A

Capable of causing damage and infection in a compromised host

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11
Q

Define obligate pathogen.

A

Causes damage and infection as part of its growth and replication

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12
Q

Define facultative pathogen.

A

Causes disease as one of its life cycles or when in a different host

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13
Q

Define commensal pathogen.

A

Induces either no damage or clinically unapparent damage to the host but may elicit an immune response

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14
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe capable of causing host damage and disease

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15
Q

What is a host?

A

Organism that is colonised or subject to an infection

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16
Q

What can bacterial virulence factors do to help the bacteria?

A 
Aids host colonisation
Allows immune evasion 
Host cell invasion or escape
Host destruction
Nutrient scavenging 
Poisoning
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17
Q

What are some examples of bacterial virulence factors and what they do/ are?

A 
Pili (adhesion)
Capsule antigens (immune mimicry)
Invasins (intracellular entry)
Glycolipids (endotoxin)
Botulinum (exotoxin)
Siderophores (nutrient acquisition)
Lipases/ proteases (destructive enzymes)
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18
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Drives a mechanism or process of infection

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19
Q

How do toxin mediated diseases relate to virulence factors?

A

Toxin mediated diseases may have a central virulence factor

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20
Q

What does it mean if virulence factors are encoded into the genome?

A

The virulence factors will be non transferable and encoded stably into the genome.

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of growth rates and an example of each?

A

Fast growth: M. smegmatis

Slow growth: M. tuberculosis

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22
Q

How fast does M. tuberculosis grow? What does this mean in regards to tuberculosis?

A

2 to 8 weeks

Growths are used to confirm tuberculosis after diagnosis

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23
Q

How is diagnosis of tuberculosis done?

A

Via symptoms because the growth is so slow the patient would be too ill by the time growths could be done to diagnose

24
Q

How much of the world is infected with M. tuberculosis according to WHO?

A

1/3

25
Q

How many active cases of tuberculosis were there in 2014 according to WHO?

A

9.6 million

26
Q

How many deaths have there been from tuberculosis?

A

1.5 million

27
Q

How many lives have been saved from TB diagnosis?

A

37 million

28
Q

How many people currently have a multi drug resistant strain of TB?

A

480,000

29
Q

What type of pathogens are all tuberculosis?

A

Obligate primary pathogens

30
Q

What is the normal site of infection for tuberculosis?

A

The lungs but it can spread to other sites

31
Q

What happens during the tuberculosis infection process?

A

Tubercules form in the lung
Pathogens are engulfed by alveolar macrophages
The T-cells then activate more macrophages
The infection is attacked but this may fail to clear all bacteria
Forms calcified compact clusters
Disease may become systemic causing meningitis and issues in the kidneys, spine and bones.

32
Q

What are the general symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Persistent cough (sputum/ bloody)
Night sweats
Weight loss
Abnormal lung x-ray

33
Q

What is the impact of M. tuberculosis having a lipid rich cell wall?

A

Makes it difficult to treat, acid fast and inflammatory to the immune system

34
Q

What is the general treatment for tuberculosis?

A

Directly observed, short course treatment
6 months, 3 times weekly
Take multiple antibiotics to avoid the emergence of resistance over the treatment period

35
Q

Why are patients observed in the treatment of M. tuberculosis?

A

Improve compliance as the drugs have multiple irritating side effects

36
Q

How well does the BCG vaccination work?

A

Over 80% effective in Europe but offers little to no protection in Sub-saharan Africa and India, possibly due to exposure to environmental mycobacteria

37
Q

Why have genomics revolutionised understanding of tuberculosis?

A

As it grows so slowly, it evolved slowly

38
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder coming from a mutation in a single gene

39
Q

What does cystic fibrosis cause?

A

Causes altered chloride ion transport meaning secretory epithelial tissues are affected
Causes abnormal lung function and microbial infection

40
Q

What happens to people with cystic fibrosis throughout their life?

A

Will get recurrent and chronic bacterial infections, which are a major cause of morbidity and death
May also suffer fungal and other viral infections

41
Q

What is ESKAPE?

A

The resistance pathogens that are escaping control by antibiotics

42
Q

Define diarrhoea.

A

Passage of unusually loose or watery stools, usually at least 3 times in a 24 hour period

43
Q

What are the 4 clinical types of diarrhoea?

A

Acute watery diarrhoea
Acute bloody diarrhoea
Persistent diarrhoea
Diarrhoea with severe malnutrition

44
Q

How many cases of diarrhoea diseases are there in children each year?

A

1.7 billion

45
Q

How often do most adults get diarrhoea?

A

One episode every 2 years

46
Q

What is the leading cause of malnutrition in children under 5?

A

Diarrhoea

47
Q

What are some common causes of diarrhoea?

A 
Rotavirus 
Shigella
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter jejuni
Yersinia 
E. coli
48
Q

What is the reservoir of an infectious agent?

A

The reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat in which agent normally lives, grows and multiplies. Reservoirs include humans, animals and the environment. The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to the host.

49
Q

What are the key sources of contamination?

A

Water
Food
Humans

50
Q

How can enteric diseases be prevented?

A

Access to safe drinking water
Use of improved sanitation
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life
Good personal and food hygiene
Vaccination (rotavirus and cholera)
Health education e.g. washing hands properly

51
Q

How does washing hands with soap help?

A

Reduces the number of people getting sick with diarrhoea and general illnesses like colds

52
Q

How can diarrhoea be controlled?

A

Rehydration
Zinc supplements to reduce length of time of episode
Nutrient rich foods to avoid subsequent malnutrition
Antibiotics
Loperamide - slows movement of the gut to reduce frequency of diarrhoea

53
Q

What is a latent infection?

A

An infection that is hidden, inactive or dormant

54
Q

What does systemic mean?

A

Relating to a system, as opposed to just one part

55
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

An immune response that doesn’t involve antibodies

Organisms and environment: Mini modules (8 decks)

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