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Organisms and environment: Mini modules > Animal Behaviour > Flashcards

Animal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Why do animal’s communicate?

A 
Aggression
Sex 
Identity
Status
Need
Social info
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2
Q

What is communication?

A

Passing of info from sender to receiver

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3
Q

What is a signal?

A

Feature of an animal that has evolved specifically to alter the behaviour of receivers

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4
Q

What are cues?

A

Any feature that can be used by an animal as a guide to future action

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5
Q

What are animal senses?

A

Methods by which animals perceive their environment

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6
Q

How do signals evolve?

A

Cues revealing autonomic stimulation

Ritualisation of uses revealing changes in behaviour

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7
Q

What are Tinbergen’s 4 why questions?

A
  1. Causation (mechanisms)
  2. Ontogeny (development)
  3. Function (adaptive advantage)
  4. Phylogeny (evolutionary history)
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8
Q

What does evolution of behaviour depend on?

A

The heritability of behaviour

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9
Q

What is calling rate influenced by? In crickets

A

Genetics
Ambient temp
Presence of females
Whether there are other males around (tend to chirp more with more males around)

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10
Q

How do genes influence behaviour?

A

Controlling hormones and senses impacts how an animal may act

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11
Q

How do genes influence behaviour of birds in migration?

A

Control corticosterone: foraging activity, migratory fuelling rate, departure fuel load
Control melatonin: migratory restlessness, departure decisions, duration of migratory flights
Control orientation in relation to visual/ magnetic cues: migration route

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12
Q

In mutualism, what is the effect on self and effect on others?

A

Effect on self: Positive

Effect on others: Positive

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13
Q

In altruism, what is the effect on self and effect on others?

A

Effect on self: Negative

Effect on others: Positive

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14
Q

In selfish behaviour, what is the effect on self and effect on others?

A

Effect on self: Positive

Effect on others: Negative

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15
Q

In spiteful behaviour. what is the effect on self and effect on others?

A

Effect on self: Negative

Effect on others: Negative

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16
Q

What are some examples of cooperation?

A

Parental care

Helping siblings

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17
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness?

A

Genetic similarity of 2 individuals relative to the population as a whole

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18
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of identical twins?

A

1.0

19
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of a parent and their offspring?

A

0.5

20
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of siblings?

A

0.5

21
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of a grandparent and their grandchild?

A

0.25

22
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of an aunt/ uncle to their nephew/ niece?

A

0.25

23
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of a great-grandparent and their great-grandchild?

A

0.125

24
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness of 1st cousins?

A

0.125

25
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

The ability of a individual organism to pass on its genes to the next generation, taking into account the shared genes passed on by the organism’s close relatives
Direct fitness and indirect fitness

26
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

A gene can maximise its transmission into the next generation by maximising the reproductive success of the individual it is in

27
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

A gene can maximise its transmission into the next generation by maximising reproductive success of other individuals who are likely to share copies of that gene

28
Q

What is kin selection?

A

The process by which traits are favoured due to their effects on the fitness of relatives

29
Q

What does Hamilton’s rule do?

A

Identifies the conditions under which altruism will spread due to kin selection

30
Q

When will altruism be favoured (e.g. what is Hamilton’s rule)?

A

r*B - C > 0
r=coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
B= benefit to recipient
C= cost to actor

31
Q

What is an example of extreme altruism?

A

Suicide and sterility in the social insects
Bee stings fatal to worker bee= suicide
Workers rarely reproduce, help their mother (the queen) to produce offspring= sterility

32
Q

Describe the genetics of male bees.

A

Develop from unfertilised eggs so are haploid

33
Q

Describe the genetics of female bees.

A

Develop from fertilised eggs so are diploid

half genes from mother and half from father

34
Q

Describe the population dynamics and altruism in Naked mole rats.

A 
Reproductive division of labour 
Lots of close relations
High coefficients of relatedness 
Cooperative brood care
Overlap of generations 
Cooperative foraging
35
Q

How does cooperative courtship work in wild turkeys?

A 
Male turkeys form coalitions to court and defend females
One dominant male, gets the matings
One subordinate male, gets no matings
Brother-brother
Father-son
36
Q

What are some reasons to cooperate?

A 
Kin selection
By-product benefits 
Reciprocity
Enforcement
Deception
37
Q

Why are there by-product benefits for cooperation?

A

Cooperation is the best option in these cases from a selfish perspective, but it also happens to help others too
Cooperative hunting increases net food intake

38
Q

What is reciprocity in terms of cooperation?

A

Net benefits in longer term

Favoured by repeated interactions between individuals

39
Q

What is enforcement in terms of cooperation?

A

Costs of defecting are high

Punishment in human and primate societies

40
Q

What is deception in terms of cooperation?

A

Animals may cooperate by mistake

Manipulation of receivers by signallers

41
Q

What is an example of selfish behaviour in reproduction?

A

Parasitoid wasp
Sterile soldiers, don’t become adult
Soldiers harm relatively unrelated individuals
Strong competition for limited resources

42
Q

When does defection pay?

A

If your opponent cooperates

43
Q

When does cooperation pay?

A

If your opponent also cooperates

44
Q

What does the choice of cooperation of defection depend on?

A

Relative payoffs of each strategy
Behaviour of opponent
Reputation
Whether you anticipate future interactions

Organisms and environment: Mini modules (8 decks)

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