Medical Microbiology Flashcards
Particles suspended in fluid
Droplets
Kills all pathogens
Sterilization
Kills some but not all pathogens
Disinfection
Memory cells are involved in ____ immunity
Active
Another name for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is ____
AIDS
Fluconazole is an ______ agent
Antifungal
Connects the dermis and epidermis
Basement membrane
Contains keratinocytes
Epidermis
Humoral immunity is the production of _____
Antibodies
Eosinophils are mainly used in _____ responses
Allergic/asthmatic
Release histamine (dilates blood vessels)
Basophils
Differentiates macrophages and dendritic cells
Monocytes
Links innate and adaptive immune systems
Dendritic cells
Respond to MHC I complexes
CD8 T cells (viruses, tumors)
Respond to MHC II complexes
CD4/helper T cells
-release cytokines
Cell body of a neuron
Soma
Maintain blood/brain barrier, regulates nutrients and gas, recycles neurotransmitters
Astrocytes
Provides framework for myelin sheath and structure in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Remove debris and pathogens
Microglia
Involved in regulation of cerebral spinal fluid in CNS
Ependymal cells
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia (PNS)
Satellite cells
Myelinate peripheral axons
Schwann cells
Resting membrane potential of neurons
-70 mV (outside more negative than inside)
Na+/K pump pumps ___ Na+ cells out for every __ K+ cells in
3, 2
Information transfer can occur in ___ direction(s)
One
Blocks nicotine acetylcholine receptors to cause muscle relaxation/inability to constrict
Curare
Prevents release of acetylcholine (can cause paralysis)
Botulinum toxin
Creates an inability to create coordinated muscle contractions (causes spasms)
Anticholinesterases
Neurons that contain sensory information
Afferent
Neurons that carry motor commands
Efferent
Network of nerve fibers
Plexus
Part of brain that contains cerebral cortex with lots of gray matter
Forebrain
Part of forebrain that contains thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Part of brain that controls visual and auditory responses/motor control
Midbrain
Allows cortex to communicate with cerebellum
Pons
Controls breathing, heart rate, gastral activity (involuntary movements)
Medulla
3 parts that make up brain stem
Medulla, midbrain, pons
Relays sensory information to spinal cord
Dorsal horn
Allows motor information to be relayed to spinal cord
Ventral horn
System of PNS involved in reflexes
Somatic
System of PNS in “fight or flight”
Autonomic
Subsystem of autonomic that uses norepinephrine
Sympathetic
Subsystem of autonomic that uses acetylcholine
Parasympathetic
Another name for being near sighted is ____
Myopia
Another name for being far sighted is _____
Hyperopia
Cells that create cartilage
Chondrocytes
Type of bone that contains osteons, Haversian canal, and lamellae
Compact bone
Type of bone that contains spicules with either yellow marrow or red marrow
Spongy bone
Anchors thin filaments in sarcomere
Z line
Line down center of sarcomere
M line
Contains only thin filaments
I band
Mainly thick filaments, some overlapping filaments
A band
Contains thick filaments only
H zone
Depolarization causes release of
Neurotransmitters
Stiffening of muscles after death is caused by a lack of
ATP
Contraction with change in length and tension
Dynamic
Contraction with shorter length but consistent tension
Isotonic
Contraction where length shortens and tension increases
Concentric
Dynamic contraction where length increases and tension increases
Eccentric
Contraction with no change in length and tension increases
Isometric
Relaxation period where muscle is unresponsive to stimulus
Absolute refractory period
Contractions so frequent that muscle cannot relax
Tetanus
State of constant partial contraction
Tonus
Cycle that concerts lactic acid in liver to glucose for use in bloodstream
Cori cycle
Cori cycle is not used during _____
Strenuous physical exercise
Muscle used for involuntary actions
-lacks stirations
Smooth muscle
Muscle that is stirated and contains only one or two central nuclei
Cardiac
Can temporarily store energy in vertebrates
Creatine phosphate
Maintains oxygen supply in muscles
Myoglobin
Deoxygenated blood goes to the ___ circulation
Pulmonary (toward lungs)
Oxygenated blood goes to the ____ circulation
Systemic (throughout body)
The _____ ventricle of the heart is stronger
Left!!!!! (more resistance, generates force for circulation)
The tricuspid valve is on the ____ side of the heart
Right
The mitral valve is on the ____ side of the heart and has ____ cusps
Left, 2
Period where cardiac muscles contract and blood is pumped out of heart
Systole
Period of cardiac relaxation where blood drains into chambers
Diastole
Total blood left ventricle pumps out per minute
Cardiac output
How to calculate cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out per contraction)
Small mass of tissue in wall of right atrium that controls contractions
Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
Receives signals from SA node and transmits them to rest of heart
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Receives impulse from AV node to finish contraction
AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers
The ____ nervous system modifies the rate of heart contractions
Autonomic
Red blood cells are also known as
Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin can bind to up to ____ units of oxygen
4
Red blood cells have a life of _____
120 days
The Rh factor of blood determines whether it is ____
Positive or negative
Fetus being positive Rh while mother is negative Rh (or vice versa) and mom placenta RBCs destroy fetal RBCs
Erythroblastis fetalis
T/F: having a different Rh factor can affect a blood transfusion
True
Converts plasma to fibrin (with intermediate steps) to form clots
Thromboplastin
Fluid left over after blood clot has formed
Serum
Drug that prevents recycling of vitamin K to ultimately prevent blood clotting
Warfarin
Nerve that causes diaphragm to contract and flatten
Phrenic nerve
Protein that prevents lungs from collapsing
surfactant
Smaller amount of volume lungs can hold during a resting period
Tidal volume
Under stress, lungs can hold ____ air
More
Volume lungs can hold under stress
Vital volume
Vital capacity-upper limit of tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity-lower limit of tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity - vital capacity
Residual volume
Enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starch into maltose (disaccharide)
Ptyalin
Contractions that move food down esophagus
Peristalsis
Separates stomach from esophagus
Cardiac sphincter
Abdominal cavity has a ____ pressure which causes movement to esophagus (GERD)
Positive
Parietal cells release ___ into the stomach (necessary for absorption of vitamin B12)!
HCl
Chyme is passed to the _____ with the _____ sphincter
Duodenum of small intenstine, pyloric
3 portions of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
T/F: small intestine participates in both passive and active absorption of nutrients
True
Hormone that suppresses hunger-stimulates pancreatic enzymes
CCK
Trypsin cleaves ____
Zymogens (precursors for enzymes)
Pancreatic enzymes operate at a slightly ____ pH
Basic
Nephrons are located in the ____
Kidneys
Facilitates absorption in kidney
Peritubular capillaries
Having _____ blood pressure can lead to kidney failure over time
Elevated
Concentrated urine is ____ to blood
Hypertonic
Cleans blood plasma
Nephron
Increases potassium in urine
Aldosterone
Drugs that increase urine production
Diuretics
Hormones that determine which genes are transcribed into nuclei & rate of transcription
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids that increase blood glucose levels (promote gluconeogenesis)
Glucocorticoids
Connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Another name for growth hormone
Somatotropin
The thyroid maintains/increases efficiency of the _____
Metabolism
T3 is ____ more potent than T4
Five times
Bulge in neck caused by issues with thyroid (increase or decrease)
Goiter
Beta cells in pancreas produce/secrete _____
Insulin
Decreases calcium concentration
Calcitonin
Increases calcium concentration/stimulates excretion of phosphate in kidneys
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Releases bile into small intestine
Cholecystokinin
Cap part of sperm
Acrosome
After menopause, estrogen and progesterone levels ____ and a woman cannot _____
Decline, ovulate
Eggs can be fertilized _____ after ovulation
12-24 hours
Plan B is most effective if taken ____ after intercourse
3 days (72 hours)
The nervous system of an embryo is formed by week ___
3
Condition caused by neural tube not closing properly during development
Spina bifida
Reduces chances of Spina bifida during pregnancy
Folic acid
Transfers nutrients from mother to fetus
Chorion
