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PCAT > Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Particles suspended in fluid

A

Droplets

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2
Q

Kills all pathogens

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

Kills some but not all pathogens

A

Disinfection

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4
Q

Memory cells are involved in ____ immunity

A

Active

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5
Q

Another name for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is ____

A

AIDS

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6
Q

Fluconazole is an ______ agent

A

Antifungal

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7
Q

Connects the dermis and epidermis

A

Basement membrane

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8
Q

Contains keratinocytes

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

Humoral immunity is the production of _____

A

Antibodies

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10
Q

Eosinophils are mainly used in _____ responses

A

Allergic/asthmatic

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11
Q

Release histamine (dilates blood vessels)

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Differentiates macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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13
Q

Links innate and adaptive immune systems

A

Dendritic cells

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14
Q

Respond to MHC I complexes

A

CD8 T cells (viruses, tumors)

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15
Q

Respond to MHC II complexes

A

CD4/helper T cells

-release cytokines

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16
Q

Cell body of a neuron

A

Soma

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17
Q

Maintain blood/brain barrier, regulates nutrients and gas, recycles neurotransmitters

A

Astrocytes

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18
Q

Provides framework for myelin sheath and structure in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

Remove debris and pathogens

A

Microglia

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20
Q

Involved in regulation of cerebral spinal fluid in CNS

A

Ependymal cells

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21
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia (PNS)

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

Myelinate peripheral axons

A

Schwann cells

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23
Q

Resting membrane potential of neurons

A

-70 mV (outside more negative than inside)

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24
Q

Na+/K pump pumps ___ Na+ cells out for every __ K+ cells in

A

3, 2

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25
Q

Information transfer can occur in ___ direction(s)

A

One

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26
Q

Blocks nicotine acetylcholine receptors to cause muscle relaxation/inability to constrict

A

Curare

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27
Q

Prevents release of acetylcholine (can cause paralysis)

A

Botulinum toxin

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28
Q

Creates an inability to create coordinated muscle contractions (causes spasms)

A

Anticholinesterases

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29
Q

Neurons that contain sensory information

A

Afferent

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30
Q

Neurons that carry motor commands

A

Efferent

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31
Q

Network of nerve fibers

A

Plexus

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32
Q

Part of brain that contains cerebral cortex with lots of gray matter

A

Forebrain

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33
Q

Part of forebrain that contains thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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34
Q

Part of brain that controls visual and auditory responses/motor control

A

Midbrain

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35
Q

Allows cortex to communicate with cerebellum

A

Pons

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36
Q

Controls breathing, heart rate, gastral activity (involuntary movements)

A

Medulla

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37
Q

3 parts that make up brain stem

A

Medulla, midbrain, pons

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38
Q

Relays sensory information to spinal cord

A

Dorsal horn

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39
Q

Allows motor information to be relayed to spinal cord

A

Ventral horn

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40
Q

System of PNS involved in reflexes

A

Somatic

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41
Q

System of PNS in “fight or flight”

A

Autonomic

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42
Q

Subsystem of autonomic that uses norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic

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43
Q

Subsystem of autonomic that uses acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic

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44
Q

Another name for being near sighted is ____

A

Myopia

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45
Q

Another name for being far sighted is _____

A

Hyperopia

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46
Q

Cells that create cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

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47
Q

Type of bone that contains osteons, Haversian canal, and lamellae

A

Compact bone

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48
Q

Type of bone that contains spicules with either yellow marrow or red marrow

A

Spongy bone

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49
Q

Anchors thin filaments in sarcomere

A

Z line

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50
Q

Line down center of sarcomere

A

M line

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51
Q

Contains only thin filaments

A

I band

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52
Q

Mainly thick filaments, some overlapping filaments

A

A band

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53
Q

Contains thick filaments only

A

H zone

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54
Q

Depolarization causes release of

A

Neurotransmitters

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55
Q

Stiffening of muscles after death is caused by a lack of

A

ATP

56
Q

Contraction with change in length and tension

A

Dynamic

57
Q

Contraction with shorter length but consistent tension

A

Isotonic

58
Q

Contraction where length shortens and tension increases

A

Concentric

59
Q

Dynamic contraction where length increases and tension increases

A

Eccentric

60
Q

Contraction with no change in length and tension increases

A

Isometric

61
Q

Relaxation period where muscle is unresponsive to stimulus

A

Absolute refractory period

62
Q

Contractions so frequent that muscle cannot relax

A

Tetanus

63
Q

State of constant partial contraction

A

Tonus

64
Q

Cycle that concerts lactic acid in liver to glucose for use in bloodstream

A

Cori cycle

65
Q

Cori cycle is not used during _____

A

Strenuous physical exercise

66
Q

Muscle used for involuntary actions

-lacks stirations

A

Smooth muscle

67
Q

Muscle that is stirated and contains only one or two central nuclei

A

Cardiac

68
Q

Can temporarily store energy in vertebrates

A

Creatine phosphate

69
Q

Maintains oxygen supply in muscles

A

Myoglobin

70
Q

Deoxygenated blood goes to the ___ circulation

A

Pulmonary (toward lungs)

71
Q

Oxygenated blood goes to the ____ circulation

A

Systemic (throughout body)

72
Q

The _____ ventricle of the heart is stronger

A

Left!!!!! (more resistance, generates force for circulation)

73
Q

The tricuspid valve is on the ____ side of the heart

A

Right

74
Q

The mitral valve is on the ____ side of the heart and has ____ cusps

A

Left, 2

75
Q

Period where cardiac muscles contract and blood is pumped out of heart

A

Systole

76
Q

Period of cardiac relaxation where blood drains into chambers

A

Diastole

77
Q

Total blood left ventricle pumps out per minute

A

Cardiac output

78
Q

How to calculate cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out per contraction)

79
Q

Small mass of tissue in wall of right atrium that controls contractions

A

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

80
Q

Receives signals from SA node and transmits them to rest of heart

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

81
Q

Receives impulse from AV node to finish contraction

A

AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers

82
Q

The ____ nervous system modifies the rate of heart contractions

A

Autonomic

83
Q

Red blood cells are also known as

A

Erythrocytes

84
Q

Hemoglobin can bind to up to ____ units of oxygen

A

4

85
Q

Red blood cells have a life of _____

A

120 days

86
Q

The Rh factor of blood determines whether it is ____

A

Positive or negative

87
Q

Fetus being positive Rh while mother is negative Rh (or vice versa) and mom placenta RBCs destroy fetal RBCs

A

Erythroblastis fetalis

88
Q

T/F: having a different Rh factor can affect a blood transfusion

A

True

89
Q

Converts plasma to fibrin (with intermediate steps) to form clots

A

Thromboplastin

90
Q

Fluid left over after blood clot has formed

A

Serum

91
Q

Drug that prevents recycling of vitamin K to ultimately prevent blood clotting

A

Warfarin

92
Q

Nerve that causes diaphragm to contract and flatten

A

Phrenic nerve

93
Q

Protein that prevents lungs from collapsing

A

surfactant

94
Q

Smaller amount of volume lungs can hold during a resting period

A

Tidal volume

95
Q

Under stress, lungs can hold ____ air

A

More

96
Q

Volume lungs can hold under stress

A

Vital volume

97
Q

Vital capacity-upper limit of tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

98
Q

Vital capacity-lower limit of tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume

99
Q

Total lung capacity - vital capacity

A

Residual volume

100
Q

Enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starch into maltose (disaccharide)

A

Ptyalin

101
Q

Contractions that move food down esophagus

A

Peristalsis

102
Q

Separates stomach from esophagus

A

Cardiac sphincter

103
Q

Abdominal cavity has a ____ pressure which causes movement to esophagus (GERD)

A

Positive

104
Q

Parietal cells release ___ into the stomach (necessary for absorption of vitamin B12)!

A

HCl

105
Q

Chyme is passed to the _____ with the _____ sphincter

A

Duodenum of small intenstine, pyloric

106
Q

3 portions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

107
Q

T/F: small intestine participates in both passive and active absorption of nutrients

A

True

108
Q

Hormone that suppresses hunger-stimulates pancreatic enzymes

A

CCK

109
Q

Trypsin cleaves ____

A

Zymogens (precursors for enzymes)

110
Q

Pancreatic enzymes operate at a slightly ____ pH

A

Basic

111
Q

Nephrons are located in the ____

A

Kidneys

112
Q

Facilitates absorption in kidney

A

Peritubular capillaries

113
Q

Having _____ blood pressure can lead to kidney failure over time

A

Elevated

114
Q

Concentrated urine is ____ to blood

A

Hypertonic

115
Q

Cleans blood plasma

A

Nephron

116
Q

Increases potassium in urine

A

Aldosterone

117
Q

Drugs that increase urine production

A

Diuretics

118
Q

Hormones that determine which genes are transcribed into nuclei & rate of transcription

A

Corticosteroids

119
Q

Corticosteroids that increase blood glucose levels (promote gluconeogenesis)

A

Glucocorticoids

120
Q

Connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

121
Q

Another name for growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

122
Q

The thyroid maintains/increases efficiency of the _____

A

Metabolism

123
Q

T3 is ____ more potent than T4

A

Five times

124
Q

Bulge in neck caused by issues with thyroid (increase or decrease)

A

Goiter

125
Q

Beta cells in pancreas produce/secrete _____

A

Insulin

126
Q

Decreases calcium concentration

A

Calcitonin

127
Q

Increases calcium concentration/stimulates excretion of phosphate in kidneys

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

128
Q

Releases bile into small intestine

A

Cholecystokinin

129
Q

Cap part of sperm

A

Acrosome

130
Q

After menopause, estrogen and progesterone levels ____ and a woman cannot _____

A

Decline, ovulate

131
Q

Eggs can be fertilized _____ after ovulation

A

12-24 hours

132
Q

Plan B is most effective if taken ____ after intercourse

A

3 days (72 hours)

133
Q

The nervous system of an embryo is formed by week ___

A

3

134
Q

Condition caused by neural tube not closing properly during development

A

Spina bifida

135
Q

Reduces chances of Spina bifida during pregnancy

A

Folic acid

136
Q

Transfers nutrients from mother to fetus

A

Chorion

PCAT (4 decks)

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