Chemistry Flashcards
1 amu = 1
Dalton
How to calculate atomic mass number
Protons + neutrons
Calculating atomic weight
%abundance(atomic mass) and add together for all isotopes
E=hf
Energy of quanta = planck’s constant (6.626x10^-34 J/s) x frequency
Bohr’s model says that electrons can exist in _____
Fixed energy states
Small radius = ____ energy
Low
E =hc / gamma
Electromagnetic energy = planck’s constant x velocity of light in vacuum (3.0x10^8 m/s) / wavelength
A Balmer series has ___ wavelengths in the visible light region
4
Lyman series deal with the ____ spectrum region
Ultraviolet
Paschen series deals with the _____ region
Infrared
The absorption spectra can be used to identify elements in a _____
Gas phase sample
The quantum number n give the ___ of an orbital
Size
The quantum number L gives the ___ of an orbital
Shape
Aufbau principle
Sub shells are filled lowest to highest energy, one must be completely filled before moving on to next one
Hund’s rule
Maximum number of half filled parallel orbitals before filling with both
Elements that have unpaired electrons are ____
Paramagnetic
Electrons that don’t have unpaired electrons are _____
Diamagnetic
Pauli exclusion principle
No two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers
Lanthanides and actinides have partially filled ___ orbitals
F
Removing an electron is _____ (endothermic/exothermic)
Endothermic (requires energy)
Electronegativity _____ from left to right and _____ from top to bottom
Increases, decreases
Another name for group 5 on the periodic table
Pnictogens
Another name for group 4 (with oxygen) on the periodic table
Chalcogens
The element with the highest electronegativity
Fluorine
Noble gases have ____ boiling points
Low
_______ ________ give transition metal complexes cool colors
Subtraction frequencies
To create an ionic bond, the electronegativity difference must be greater than
1.7
A triple bond is ____ than a single bond
Shorter
Nitrogen has ____ valence electrons
5
Unit used to measure dipole moments
Debye units (coulomb-meter)
Accepts electron pairs
Lewis acids
Donates electron pairs
Lewis bases
3 electron pairs with no lone pairs
Trigonal planar, 120
4 electron pairs with no lone pairs
Tetrahedral, 109.5
4 electron pairs with 1 lone pair
Trigonal pyramidal, 107
4 electron pairs with 2 lone pairs
Bent, 104.5
5 electron pairs with no lone pairs
Trigonal bipyramidal (varies)
6 electron pairs with no lone pairs
Octahedral (varies)
3 electronegative atoms that can form hydrogen bonds
N, O, F
Calculating percent composition
(Mass in formula / weight of compound ) x 100
Moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity
Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
Molality
Gram equivalents of solute / liter of solution
Normality
Water soluble? Alkali metals
Yes
Water soluble? Ammonium ions
Yes
Water soluble? Salts with Cl-, Br-, I-
Yes
Water soluble? Salts with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg(2)2+
No
Water soluble? Salts with Sulfate ion (SO(4)2-)
Yes
water soluble? Salts with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
No
Water soluble? Metal oxides
No
Water soluble? Hydroxides
No
Water soluble? CO(3)2-, PO(4)3-, S2-, SO(3)2-
No
Redox reactions are ____ _____ reactions
Single displacement
The ____ step is the rate determining step of a reaction
Slow
Unit for rate
Mol/(L x second)
Exponents in determining rate law are always
Stoichiometric coefficients of the rate determining step
In zero order reactions , r =
K (amount of drug administered/eliminated over time remains constant)
-unit = Molarity / s-1
Order that has a rate proportional to one reactant
First order
- unit: s-1
- PERCENT of drug administered/eliminated remains constant
Have a rate proportional to two reactants or squared concentration of one reactant
Second order
-units: M-1 x s-1
Delta H (enthalpy) =
Products - reactants
Increasing the concentration will not affect
zero order reactions
Q only remains constant at
Equilibrium
If Keq is GREATER than 1, the mixture will contain more
Products
If Keq is LESS than 1, the mixture will contain more
Reactants
If a concentration on one side is increased, the equilibrium will move ______ from that side
Away
If a concentration is decreased of one side, the equilibrium will move ____ that side
Toward
When the pressure is increased, the reaction will go in the direction with _____ moles
Less
Solution equilibrium is defined as
Rate of disassociation = rate of precipitation
Qsp = Ksp, the solution is
Saturated
Qsp > Ksp, the solution is
Supersaturated
-unstable!
Qsp > Ksp
Unsaturated (no precipitate)
Immiscible liquids that form what looks like a miscible mixture
Emulsion
As temperature increases, vapor pressure ______
Increases
Vapor pressure = external pressure
Boiling point
Solid -> gas
Sublimation
Gas -> solid
deposition
Colligative properties depend on the
Number of particles
Freezing point depression is a ____ property
Colligative
-salt to make ice melt on roads
Boiling point elevation is a ____ property
Colligative
-salt in pasta to raise BP of water slightly
Osmotic pressure is a ____ property
Colligative
- net flow of water
- uses molarity (other two use molality)
- uses symbol for pi (but NOT 3.14)
Raoult’s law
When solvent B is added to pure solvent A, the vapor pressure of A decreases
-only IDEAL solutions follow this!!!!!
