Chemistry Flashcards by Alex Lewis

1 amu = 1

Dalton

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How to calculate atomic mass number

Protons + neutrons

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Calculating atomic weight

%abundance(atomic mass) and add together for all isotopes

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E=hf

Energy of quanta = planck’s constant (6.626x10^-34 J/s) x frequency

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Bohr’s model says that electrons can exist in _____

Fixed energy states

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Small radius = ____ energy

Low

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E =hc / gamma

Electromagnetic energy = planck’s constant x velocity of light in vacuum (3.0x10^8 m/s) / wavelength

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A Balmer series has ___ wavelengths in the visible light region

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Lyman series deal with the ____ spectrum region

Ultraviolet

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Paschen series deals with the _____ region

Infrared

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The absorption spectra can be used to identify elements in a _____

Gas phase sample

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The quantum number n give the ___ of an orbital

Size

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The quantum number L gives the ___ of an orbital

Shape

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Aufbau principle

Sub shells are filled lowest to highest energy, one must be completely filled before moving on to next one

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Hund’s rule

Maximum number of half filled parallel orbitals before filling with both

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Elements that have unpaired electrons are ____

Paramagnetic

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Electrons that don’t have unpaired electrons are _____

Diamagnetic

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Pauli exclusion principle

No two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers

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Lanthanides and actinides have partially filled ___ orbitals

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Removing an electron is _____ (endothermic/exothermic)

Endothermic (requires energy)

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Electronegativity _____ from left to right and _____ from top to bottom

Increases, decreases

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Another name for group 5 on the periodic table

Pnictogens

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Another name for group 4 (with oxygen) on the periodic table

Chalcogens

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The element with the highest electronegativity

Fluorine

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Noble gases have ____ boiling points

Low

_______ ________ give transition metal complexes cool colors

Subtraction frequencies

To create an ionic bond, the electronegativity difference must be greater than

1.7

A triple bond is ____ than a single bond

Shorter

Nitrogen has ____ valence electrons

Unit used to measure dipole moments

Debye units (coulomb-meter)

Accepts electron pairs

Lewis acids

Donates electron pairs

Lewis bases

3 electron pairs with no lone pairs

Trigonal planar, 120

4 electron pairs with no lone pairs

Tetrahedral, 109.5

4 electron pairs with 1 lone pair

Trigonal pyramidal, 107

4 electron pairs with 2 lone pairs

Bent, 104.5

5 electron pairs with no lone pairs

Trigonal bipyramidal (varies)

6 electron pairs with no lone pairs

Octahedral (varies)

3 electronegative atoms that can form hydrogen bonds

N, O, F

Calculating percent composition

(Mass in formula / weight of compound ) x 100

Moles of solute per liter of solution

Molarity

Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Molality

Gram equivalents of solute / liter of solution

Normality

Water soluble? Alkali metals

Yes

Water soluble? Ammonium ions

Yes

Water soluble? Salts with Cl-, Br-, I-

Yes

Water soluble? Salts with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg(2)2+

Water soluble? Salts with Sulfate ion (SO(4)2-)

Yes

water soluble? Salts with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

Water soluble? Metal oxides

Water soluble? Hydroxides

Water soluble? CO(3)2-, PO(4)3-, S2-, SO(3)2-

Redox reactions are ____ _____ reactions

Single displacement

The ____ step is the rate determining step of a reaction

Slow

Unit for rate

Mol/(L x second)

Exponents in determining rate law are always

Stoichiometric coefficients of the rate determining step

In zero order reactions , r =

K (amount of drug administered/eliminated over time remains constant) -unit = Molarity / s-1

Order that has a rate proportional to one reactant

First order - unit: s-1 - PERCENT of drug administered/eliminated remains constant

Have a rate proportional to two reactants or squared concentration of one reactant

Second order -units: M-1 x s-1

Delta H (enthalpy) =

Products - reactants

Increasing the concentration will not affect

zero order reactions

Q only remains constant at

Equilibrium

If Keq is GREATER than 1, the mixture will contain more

Products

If Keq is LESS than 1, the mixture will contain more

Reactants

If a concentration on one side is increased, the equilibrium will move ______ from that side

Away

If a concentration is decreased of one side, the equilibrium will move ____ that side

Toward

When the pressure is increased, the reaction will go in the direction with _____ moles

Less

Solution equilibrium is defined as

Rate of disassociation = rate of precipitation

Qsp = Ksp, the solution is

Saturated

Qsp > Ksp, the solution is

Supersaturated | -unstable!

Qsp > Ksp

Unsaturated (no precipitate)

Immiscible liquids that form what looks like a miscible mixture

Emulsion

As temperature increases, vapor pressure ______

Increases

Vapor pressure = external pressure

Boiling point

Solid -> gas

Sublimation

Gas -> solid

deposition

Colligative properties depend on the

Number of particles

Freezing point depression is a ____ property

Colligative | -salt to make ice melt on roads

Boiling point elevation is a ____ property

Colligative | -salt in pasta to raise BP of water slightly

Osmotic pressure is a ____ property

Colligative - net flow of water - uses molarity (other two use molality) - uses symbol for pi (but NOT 3.14)

Raoult's law

When solvent B is added to pure solvent A, the vapor pressure of A decreases -only IDEAL solutions follow this!!!!!