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Diagnostic Imaging > Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

General Principles of Medical Imaging

A

Clinicians orders imaging study

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2
Q

Imaging Interpretation

A

Subjective & objective information
Qualitative and quantitative
Know normal anatomy ➡️ identify abnormal
Utilize consistent and patterned approach ➡️ avoid satisfaction search of error

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3
Q

Density - Radiographs

A

Hyperdense

Hypodense

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4
Q

Hyperdense

A

Denser objects are less penetrated ; appear white

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5
Q

Hypodense

A

Less dense objects are more easily penetrated; appear more gray or (radiolucent)

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6
Q

Attenuation

A

The reduction of the intensity of an energy beam as it traverse matter

Absorption
Deflection

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7
Q

Hypoattenuation

A

Large amount of xray particles are transmitted

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8
Q

Hyperattenuation

A

Large amount of x-ray particles are NOT transmitted

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9
Q

Hyperattenuation like metal will appear ____

A

White

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10
Q

Hypoattenuation like air will apear

A

Black

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11
Q

Summation

A

Parts of the pt or an object are superimposed on an image

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12
Q

Summation (increases/decreases?) attenuation

A

Increase

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13
Q

Artifact

A

Imaging finding that does not directly correspond to the reality of the pt

May mimic clinical feature
Degrade image quality
Obscure anatomy

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14
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Ability of an imaging study to differentiate two objects

High vs low spatial resolution

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15
Q

Contrast resolution

A

Difference in brightness between the area of interest and its surroundings
Ability of imaging study to distinguish b/n differences in imaging intensity

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16
Q

Temporal resolution

A

Duration of time for acquisition of a single frame of an imaging study

Poor temporal resolution = think stop motion
Vs
Good temporal resolution = think smooth real time scan

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17
Q

Planar Imaging

A

Ex: X-ray, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine

Pictures of 3D objects viewed as 2D

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18
Q

Cross sectional imaging

A

Ex: CT, MRI, Ultrasound

Detailed collection of 2D “slices” or as 3D images

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19
Q

Projection

A

The way an energy (xray) beams passes through the body

PA/AP
Lateral
Oblique
Cross-sectional
      Coronal, sagittal, transverse/axial
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20
Q

What is this image?

A

Lateral

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21
Q

What is this image?

A

Oblique

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22
Q

What is this image?

A

Cross-sectional

C. Axial
D. Coronal
E. Sagittal

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23
Q

Imaging studies that utilize Ionizing radiation may cause alteration of cellular division and other intracellular processes:

A

Skin damage are dose dependent
Development of cancer
Tissues w/ rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible
Reproductive organs exposure carries risk to offspring
Younger individuals are more radiosensitive

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24
Q

Average radiation exposure per person is

A

6.2 mSv per yr

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25
Q

Chest xray mSv is

A

0.02mSv

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26
Q

CT scan Abd is how many mSv

A

10mSv

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27
Q

X-rays

A

70-80% of ordered imaging examinations
Mainstay of bone and imaging
2D presentations of 3D info

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28
Q

X-ray indicates

A 
Deformity of a bone or joint
Suspected structure
Evaluation of osteoarthritis/ degenerative joint disease
Inability to use extremity or a joint
unexplained pain
Foreign body identification
Dx of pneumonia
29
Q

X-ray types of views

A 
Multiple views (to get whole picture)
AP & Lateral view for long bones
AP & lateral view, at least 1 oblique, of all joints (near joints too)
30
Q

X-ray contrast are utilized to

A

Highlight anatomical structures

31
Q

Positive agents

A

Increased attenuation of xray

32
Q

Negative agents

A

Decreased attenuation of x-rays

33
Q

Radiography Pros/Cons

A

Insert image

34
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

Real time static or dynamic visualization of radiographs

35
Q

When are fluoroscopy ordered?

A 
Intraoperative fracture management
Reassess fractures
Evaluation of ligament injuries
Dynamic movement of the intestinal tract
Interventional procedures
36
Q

Fluoroscopy Pros/Cons

A

Insert Image

37
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

X-rays on steroids
Utilized rotating x-ray beams to capture multiple images of a region
Viewed as single slices or 3D models that allow rotation of model

38
Q

What type of CT view is this?

A

CT -Axial

39
Q

What type of CT view is this?

A

CT- Helical

40
Q

When are CT best suited option?

A

Suited for finding pathology in body cavities where organs of interest may not be accessible to superficial imaging (e.g. ultrasound) or high contrast resolution is desired

41
Q

What are CTs are ordered for?

A

Acute head injury
Suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage
kidney stone
Acute cervical trauma where there is a likelihood of fracture or dislocation
Suspected acute appendicitis in a non-pregnant patient

42
Q

Windowing

A

Optimizes anatomic definitions in CT

43
Q

What is this image

A

Soft tissue windows

44
Q

What is this image

A

Bone windows

45
Q

What is this image

A

Lung windows

46
Q

Why are CT great for bones?

A

Bone visualization is excellent
Evaluates certain fractures that are not well depicted in X-rays
Helpful w/ bony extensions of tumors

47
Q

How are soft tissues visualized in CT?

A

Enhanced w/ contrast agents

48
Q

CT Pros/Cons

A

insert image

49
Q

MRI

A

Utilizes potential energy stored in body’s H+ ions
Ions manipulated by strong magnetic fields/radiofrequency to produce 2/3D images
Do not utilize ionizing radiation
High contrast resolution of soft tissues

50
Q

Where are MRIs widely used

A

Neurologic imaging and imaging soft tissues like, muscles, ligaments, cartilages, and bursal sacks

51
Q

Compare/contrast MRI w/ CT

A

Obtained in multiple slices and different planes

Slower image acquisition compared to CT

52
Q

What is the process of MRI technique?

A

Generated images by applying a varying magnetic field to the body ➡️ non-ionizing

53
Q

Types of MRI views

A

T1 weighted images
T2 weighted images
Proton density (PD) weighted images

54
Q

MRI artifact

A

Slower image acquisition ➡️ motion artifact

Metal ➡️ susceptibility effect/artifact

55
Q

MRI Pros/Cons

A

Insert Image

56
Q

Ultrasound

A

Utilized acoustical energy above the audible of human heating to produce images ➡️ non-ionizing

57
Q

What are transducer

A

Produces signal and records in the ultrasound

58
Q

When are Ultrasound best used?

A

Very useful in imaging soft tissues and for delineating solid from cystic structures

59
Q

What is increasingly used for diagnosing MSK injuries and guiding injections in the office?

A

Ultrasound

60
Q

What kind of contrast is this image? What is it used for?

A

Ultrasound - doppler

Used to view blood flow

61
Q

Ultrasound Pros/Cons

A

Insert

62
Q

Nuclear Imaging

A

Radioisotope technique that shows metabolic activity in bone and soft tissue

63
Q

What type of images do Nuclear Imaging produce?

A

Recording of radiation emanating from the patient

64
Q

When are nuclear imaging utilized?

A

Utilized to detect increased areas of metabolic activity (infection, tumors, fractures, hyperactive gland)

65
Q

What is the technique of Nuclear imaging?

A

Images are made by giving the pt a short-lived radioactive material (tracer)

66
Q

Hot spots

A

Indicate area of increased physiologic activity

67
Q

Cold spots

A

Indicate areas of decrease physiologic uptake

68
Q

Nuclear Imaging Pros/Cons

A

insert image

69
Q

Why is ultrasound sometimes not the best?

A

Ultrasound artifact/shadowing

Diagnostic Imaging (3 decks)

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