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Diagnostic Imaging > Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

General Principles of Medical Imaging

A

Clinicians orders imaging study

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2
Q

Imaging Interpretation

A

Subjective & objective information
Qualitative and quantitative
Know normal anatomy ➡️ identify abnormal
Utilize consistent and patterned approach ➡️ avoid satisfaction search of error

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3
Q

Density - Radiographs

A

Hyperdense

Hypodense

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4
Q

Hyperdense

A

Denser objects are less penetrated ; appear white

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5
Q

Hypodense

A

Less dense objects are more easily penetrated; appear more gray or (radiolucent)

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6
Q

Attenuation

A

The reduction of the intensity of an energy beam as it traverse matter

Absorption
Deflection

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7
Q

Hypoattenuation

A

Large amount of xray particles are transmitted

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8
Q

Hyperattenuation

A

Large amount of x-ray particles are NOT transmitted

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9
Q

Hyperattenuation like metal will appear ____

A

White

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10
Q

Hypoattenuation like air will apear

A

Black

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11
Q

Summation

A

Parts of the pt or an object are superimposed on an image

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12
Q

Summation (increases/decreases?) attenuation

A

Increase

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13
Q

Artifact

A

Imaging finding that does not directly correspond to the reality of the pt

May mimic clinical feature
Degrade image quality
Obscure anatomy

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14
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Ability of an imaging study to differentiate two objects

High vs low spatial resolution

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15
Q

Contrast resolution

A

Difference in brightness between the area of interest and its surroundings
Ability of imaging study to distinguish b/n differences in imaging intensity

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16
Q

Temporal resolution

A

Duration of time for acquisition of a single frame of an imaging study

Poor temporal resolution = think stop motion
Vs
Good temporal resolution = think smooth real time scan

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17
Q

Planar Imaging

A

Ex: X-ray, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine

Pictures of 3D objects viewed as 2D

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18
Q

Cross sectional imaging

A

Ex: CT, MRI, Ultrasound

Detailed collection of 2D “slices” or as 3D images

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19
Q

Projection

A

The way an energy (xray) beams passes through the body

PA/AP
Lateral
Oblique
Cross-sectional
      Coronal, sagittal, transverse/axial
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20
Q

What is this image?

A

Lateral

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21
Q

What is this image?

A

Oblique

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22
Q

What is this image?

A

Cross-sectional

C. Axial
D. Coronal
E. Sagittal

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23
Q

Imaging studies that utilize Ionizing radiation may cause alteration of cellular division and other intracellular processes:

A

Skin damage are dose dependent
Development of cancer
Tissues w/ rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible
Reproductive organs exposure carries risk to offspring
Younger individuals are more radiosensitive

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24
Q

Average radiation exposure per person is

A

6.2 mSv per yr

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25
Chest xray mSv is
0.02mSv
26
CT scan Abd is how many mSv
10mSv
27
X-rays
70-80% of ordered imaging examinations Mainstay of bone and imaging 2D presentations of 3D info
28
X-ray indicates
``` Deformity of a bone or joint Suspected structure Evaluation of osteoarthritis/ degenerative joint disease Inability to use extremity or a joint unexplained pain Foreign body identification Dx of pneumonia ```
29
X-ray types of views
``` Multiple views (to get whole picture) AP & Lateral view for long bones AP & lateral view, at least 1 oblique, of all joints (near joints too) ```
30
X-ray contrast are utilized to
Highlight anatomical structures
31
Positive agents
Increased attenuation of xray
32
Negative agents
Decreased attenuation of x-rays
33
Radiography Pros/Cons
Insert image
34
Fluoroscopy
Real time static or dynamic visualization of radiographs
35
When are fluoroscopy ordered?
``` Intraoperative fracture management Reassess fractures Evaluation of ligament injuries Dynamic movement of the intestinal tract Interventional procedures ```
36
Fluoroscopy Pros/Cons
Insert Image
37
Computed Tomography (CT)
X-rays on steroids Utilized rotating x-ray beams to capture multiple images of a region Viewed as single slices or 3D models that allow rotation of model
38
What type of CT view is this?
CT -Axial
39
What type of CT view is this?
CT- Helical
40
When are CT best suited option?
Suited for finding pathology in body cavities where organs of interest may not be accessible to superficial imaging (e.g. ultrasound) or high contrast resolution is desired
41
What are CTs are ordered for?
Acute head injury Suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage kidney stone Acute cervical trauma where there is a likelihood of fracture or dislocation Suspected acute appendicitis in a non-pregnant patient
42
Windowing
Optimizes anatomic definitions in CT
43
What is this image
Soft tissue windows
44
What is this image
Bone windows
45
What is this image
Lung windows
46
Why are CT great for bones?
Bone visualization is excellent Evaluates certain fractures that are not well depicted in X-rays Helpful w/ bony extensions of tumors
47
How are soft tissues visualized in CT?
Enhanced w/ contrast agents
48
CT Pros/Cons
insert image
49
MRI
Utilizes potential energy stored in body’s H+ ions Ions manipulated by strong magnetic fields/radiofrequency to produce 2/3D images Do not utilize ionizing radiation High contrast resolution of soft tissues
50
Where are MRIs widely used
Neurologic imaging and imaging soft tissues like, muscles, ligaments, cartilages, and bursal sacks
51
Compare/contrast MRI w/ CT
Obtained in multiple slices and different planes Slower image acquisition compared to CT
52
What is the process of MRI technique?
Generated images by applying a varying magnetic field to the body ➡️ non-ionizing
53
Types of MRI views
T1 weighted images T2 weighted images Proton density (PD) weighted images
54
MRI artifact
Slower image acquisition ➡️ motion artifact | Metal ➡️ susceptibility effect/artifact
55
MRI Pros/Cons
Insert Image
56
Ultrasound
Utilized acoustical energy above the audible of human heating to produce images ➡️ non-ionizing
57
What are transducer
Produces signal and records in the ultrasound
58
When are Ultrasound best used?
Very useful in imaging soft tissues and for delineating solid from cystic structures
59
What is increasingly used for diagnosing MSK injuries and guiding injections in the office?
Ultrasound
60
What kind of contrast is this image? What is it used for?
Ultrasound - doppler Used to view blood flow
61
Ultrasound Pros/Cons
Insert
62
Nuclear Imaging
Radioisotope technique that shows metabolic activity in bone and soft tissue
63
What type of images do Nuclear Imaging produce?
Recording of radiation emanating from the patient
64
When are nuclear imaging utilized?
Utilized to detect increased areas of metabolic activity (infection, tumors, fractures, hyperactive gland)
65
What is the technique of Nuclear imaging?
Images are made by giving the pt a short-lived radioactive material (tracer)
66
Hot spots
Indicate area of increased physiologic activity
67
Cold spots
Indicate areas of decrease physiologic uptake
68
Nuclear Imaging Pros/Cons
insert image
69
Why is ultrasound sometimes not the best?
Ultrasound artifact/shadowing

Diagnostic Imaging (3 decks)

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