Medical Entomology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the goals of the medical entomology program?
A
Preventing and controlling vectorborne diseases by reducing disease vectors/reservoirs
Blocking transmission of pathogens to susceptible hosts
Protecting the base population
2
Q
What is the instruction that outlines the pest management program for the base civil engineer?
A
AFI 32-1053, Integrated Pest Management Program
3
Q
What instruction outlines the Air Force’s Medical Entomology Program?
A
AFI 48-102, Medical Entomology Program
4
Q
Who establishes the surveillance frequencies for disease vectors?
A
Aerospace Medicine Council (AMC)
5
Q
What are the primary PH tasks during an aerial spray mission?
A
Education of the public and pre/post treatment vector surveys to determine if the aerial spraying was effective
6
Q
What are the BE responsibilities in the medical entomology program?
A
Provides technical info concerning the safe storage and use of pesticides
Monitors acquisition, storage, and environmental impact of pesticides for pest management, commissary, and BX.
Review the Integrated Pest Management Plan before MAJCOM CE approval.
7
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
The science of classification
8
Q
What is the next lower subdivision of a phylum?
A
Class
9
Q
What subdivision comes after order?
A
Family
10
Q
What subdivision is before genus?
A
Family
11
Q
In most cases, what is the last major division in the classification system?
A
Species
12
Q
What is the stiff outer skeleton in arthropods called?
A
Exoskeleton
13
Q
What are the three regions of an insect’s body?
A
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
14
Q
What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis?
A
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
15
Q
What is a written insect key?
A
A brief description of anatomical features used to identify insects
16
Q
Which organisms does the USAF consider “pests”?
A
Any organism in the wrong place at the wrong time
17
Q
What is “integrated pest management”?
A
AFI 32-1053 defines IPM as a planned program incorporating continuous monitoring, education, record keeping, and communication to prevent pests and disease vectors from causing unacceptable damage to operations, people, property, material, or the environment
18
Q
What form of pest control relies on changing the environment?
A
Cultural control
19
Q
What is “mechanical” pest control?
A
It consists of using methods to kill or separate anthropods from their food source
20
Q
Who may use “restricted use” pesticides?
A
A person who is a certified and competent Applicator or someone who is under the direct supervision of a certified Applicator
21
Q
Which type of pesticide has low toxicity for mammals and is widely replacing all other types of pesticides?
A
Pyrethroids
22
Q
What genus of mosquito deposits its eggs attached together to form rafts that float on water?
A
Culex
23
Q
Where do mosquito larvae develop?
A
Only in water
24
Q
What percentage of adult mosquitoes are typically male?
A
50%
25
What sex of mosquito has a bushy antenna?
Male
26
What mosquito genera are the two primary vectors of encephalitis in CONUS?
Culex and Aedes
27
What is the most common mosquito-borne disease in CONUS?
West Nile (WNV)
28
Which encephalitis group includes Snowshoe Hare, LaCrosse, and Jamestown Canyon viruses?
California enchepahlitis (CE)
29
What are thought to be the most common reservoirs of WNV, SLE, EEE, and WEE?
Wild birds
30
What is another name for dengue fever?
Break bone fever
31
What genus of mosquito transmits dengue fever?
Aedes
32
What are three control measures for dengue fever?
Public education, vector avoidance and control, and environmental cleanup
33
What are the symptoms of yellow fever?
Fever, headache, backache, jaundice, and internal bleeding
34
What are the five species of malaria?
P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malaria, P. ovale, and P. knowles
35
What are the three stages of malaria?
Cold, hot, and profuse sweating stages
36
What is the incubation period for falciparum malaria?
10-18 days
37
What form of malaria can cause rapid death if left untreated?
Falciparum
38
What forms of malaria have relapses?
Vivax, malaria, and ovalue
39
What chemoprophylaxis for malaria is typically prescribed for flight crew?
Malarone and doxycycline
40
What should you complete prior to establishing or revitalizing your surveillance program?
Conduct a baseline entomology survey for the entire installation
41
What are the important things to remember when locating the adult mosquito traps on the base?
Placed between populated areas
Away from competing light sources
Protected from wind
Placed 6ft above ground
42
What device is used to collect live specimens in adult mosquito traps?
A net
43
What does the SSAM trap use to attract mosquitoes?
A light, but can also use CO2
44
What are the advantages of a CO2-baited trap over a light-baited SSAM trap?
Attracts more species and a larger number of mosquitoes; attracts primarily female mosquitoes
45
Why would you operate a CO2-baited trap during daylight hours?
To catch species that are active in the late morning and early evening
46
Generally, when should you sample larval mosquito collection sites?
Weekly
47
What two mosquito species are collected primarily with an ovitrap?
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
48
What is a TI?
Trap index
The average number of females caught per trap night
49
What is an STI?
Specific trap index
Average population of a single species or particular group of mosquitoes.
50
What are the four types of mosquito control?
Cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological
51
What is one of the best mosquito cultural control methods?
Fill the holes
52
What are two methods of chemical control used on adult mosquitoes?
Residual treatment: application of insecticides
Fogging: applying insecticide droplets to the air
53
What predator is most widely used for feeding on mosquito larvae?
Gambusia affinis, a freshwater minnow
54
In many cases, what is your best defense against vectorborne disease?
Personal protection
55
What are the common names for the three distinct varieties of lice that infect humans?
Head lice, Body lice, and pubic lice
56
What is the most medically important louse?
Body louse
57
How are pathogens for typhus and trench fever spread from lice to humans?
Passed out from fecal droppings of the louse when it feeds
58
How are the bacteria of relapsing fever spread from lice to humans?
When crushed lice are rubbed into the wound
59
What is the most effective method of prevention for all lice?
Education
60
What are the two major categories of flies?
Biting fly and filth fly
61
To which of the two major groups of flies does a sand fly belong?
Biting fly
62
What are the five ways flies spread disease?
Mouthparts
Through their vomitus
Their body hairs
Sticky pads on their feet
Their feces
63
What is the most effective fly control measure?
Proper sanitation
64
In what insect order are fleas classified?
Siphonaptera
65
What disease are fleas responsible for transmitting?
Plague and murine typhus
66
How are murine fleas responsible for transmitting?
By flea bite or when flea or rodent louse feces are scratched into an open wound or inhaled
67
What are the two major groups of ticks?
Hard and soft
68
To which of the two major groups does the American dog tick belong?
Hard tick
69
What are the four major groups of diseases that are spread by ticks?
Rickettsial
Spirochetal
Bacterial
Viral
70
What is meant by "transovarial transmission" of pathogens?
From infected adults to the egg
71
What is the most effective method for removing a tick?
Using small tweezers to grab as close to the mouth as possible
72
What stage are chiggers in when they feed on humans and animals?
Larval stage
73
What are the two major groups of diseases transmitted by mites?
Scrub typhus and rickettsial-pox
74
What species of mite transmits scrub typhus?
Chigger
75
Which mites burrow and live in human skin?
Scabies mites
76
What is the most abundant species of cockroach in the USA?
German cockroach
77
What color are German cockroaches?
Pale yellowish brown or tan
78
Where are American cockroaches most often found?
Commercial establishments
79
Why are Oriental cockroach populations at a somewhat lower level?
They reproduce at a slower rate
80
What is the most effective method of control for cockroaches?
Denying access to food or moisture
81
How many venomous snakes are there in the USA?
More than 20
82
What are the five basic types of venom that anthropods and snakes produce?
Hemolytic
Neurotoxin
Uruticating
Vesicating
Hemorrhagic
83
What three things fo venomous anthropods do to cause pain and swelling?
Sting
Bite
Produce fluids
84
What type of venom produces blisters on the skin?
Vesicating toxin
85
What is the one control method that is effective against all venomous anthropods?
Avoidance
86
What is the most common species of mouse?
House mouse
87
What do the droppings (feces) of a house mouse look like?
Small and rod-shaped
88
What is the largest and most common domestic rat?
Norway rat
89
What are the three color patterns found in roof rats?
Black: black to slate gray
Alexandrine: grayish white belly
Fruit rat: white to lemon-colored belly
90
What is the best long-term control method for rodents?
Sanitation and exclusion (cultural and mechanical)
91
What are some of the more important rodent-borne diseases that can be related to rodent infestations?
Plaque, leptospirosis, hantavirus, scrub typhus, tularemia, salmonellosis, and rat-bite fever
92
What are the three types of plague that affect humans?
Bubonic
Septicemic
Pneumonic
93
Which of the three types of plague affects the lymph nodes?
Bubonic
94
When did the USAF establish the Plague Surveillance Prevention Program?
1977
95
How does one acquire leptospirosis?
Direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected rodents or other animals
96
What are the symptoms of most cases of leptospirosis?
Asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms
97
What is the case fatality proportion for hantavirus infections?
40-70%
98
Where in CONUS have cases of Hantavirus occurred?
20 western states and sporadically in eastern regions
99
Besides sighting a rodent, what is one of the best indicators of a rodent infestation?
Rat and mouse feces
100
What color are rodent feces, typically?
Black
101
How wide are rat and mouse pathways?
2-3 inches wide
102
Where are most rodent rub marks found?
Around gnawed holes, pipes and beams, edges of stairs, and along walls
103
How can you determine if a rodent run is new or old?
Fresh: usually soft when scratched
Old: brittle and flakes off
104
To identify tracks, how deep do you spread powder (or flour) on a rodent run?
No more than 1/8 inch
105
What type of trap is recommended for trapping rodents around children and in food service facilities?
Glue board
106
How do you pack ectoparasites for shipment to a lab?
Placing them in a 5 ml blood-collection vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol
107
Who determines the effectiveness of aerial spraying of pesticides to control vectors or medically important pests?
Public Health
108
Who provides vector identification for bases in CONUS?
USAFSAM
109
What is the first classification or grouping within the animal plant kingdom?
Phylum
110
In most cases, what is the lowest major division in the classification system of insects?
Species
111
What has an endoskeletal structure?
Humans
112
What type of metamorphosis is a growth cycle that includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult?
Complete metamorphosis
113
Flies, mosquitoes, midges, and punkies belong to which order of insects?
Diptera
114
Who monitors all pest control activities for the entire USAF installation?
Pest management section
115
What type of pest control consists of using predators, pathogens, or genetic engineering to control anthropods?
Biological
116
What mosquito genus deposits its eggs so that they are attached together to form rafts that float on the water?
Culex
117
During what stage do mosquitoes abstain from feeding?
Pupal
118
What disease sometimes resembles the pain of broken bones?
Dengue fever
119
What mosquitoes transmit all four forms of malaria?
Anopheles
120
Where do most complications develop when a human is infected with malaria?
Brain
121
How many feet above ground should solid-state army miniature (SSAM) traps be located to attract most mosquitoes?
6 feet
122
What type of surveillance method uses a paper-towel-wrapped tongue depressor that emerges in a one-pint, black jar half-filled with water?
Ovi-trap for mosquito eggs
123
What is an example of cultural control for mosquitoes?
Filling in the low-lying areas with dirt
124
Whose responsibility is it to fill low-lying areas with dirt to control mosquitoes?
Civil engineer
125
Replacing weather stripping on a door and patching screens are two examples of which type of mosquito control?
Mechanical
126
How are epidemic typhus and trench fever transmitted?
Infected louse feces or crushed lice
127
What is the condition in which living tissue is infected with maggots?
Myiasis
128
What disease is transmitted by fleas?
Plague
129
How is endemic typus (murine typhus) transmitted?
Feces of a flea rubbed into a wound
130
What is an example of a hard tick?
American dog tick
131
What disease do ticks spread a bacterial disease?
Tularemia
132
What do you call the transmission of rickettsial pathogens from adult ticks through the egg?
Transovarial
133
What is the most abundant cockroach species in the USA?
German cockroach
134
What is the most effective method of controlling cockroaches?
Denying access to food or moisture
135
What type of veno produces raised areas on the skin that may itch or be intensely painful?
Uriticating toxin
136
What control measures are the most effective against venomous animals?
Cultural
137
Which is the largest and most common domestic rat?
Norway rat
138
What is the best method for long-term control of rodents?
Cultural and mechanical
139
What disease results from either direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected rodents or other animals?
Leptospirosis
140
What is the most positive proof of a rodent infestation?
Sighting a live rodent
141
Swing marks made along a beam under floor joists generally indicate the presence of which type of rodent?
Roof rat
142
If you powder a floor to survey for tracks, the prints of a rodent's hind feet will show how many toes?
Five
