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Physiology Exam 1 > Medical Biochemistry Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Medical Biochemistry Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

From where does living organism arise from

A

thousand of different biomolecules

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2
Q

Light has a high degree in?

A

Complexity and organization

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3
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

highly ordered polymers which assemble to form complex structures in cell; Polymers form structure that are essential in biological activity

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4
Q

How does life use energy?

A

in order to maintain equilibrium internally, it creates disorder to into environment

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5
Q

What is life able to do?

A

it is able to sense and respond to changes in the environment by adapting internal chemistry

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6
Q

Can life self-replicate?

A

It has the ability to while allowing enough change for evolution

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7
Q

What are the living organism made out of?

A

Cell of 1-2 micrometers long

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8
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (all kingdoms except Monera)

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9
Q

What are the 5 kingdom?

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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10
Q

What does Monera consists of ?

A

unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

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11
Q

What does Protista consists?

A

unicellular eukaryote

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12
Q

What does fungi consists of?

A

unicellular and multicellular eukaryote

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13
Q

What does plantar consists of?

A

multicellular eukaryote

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14
Q

What does Animalia consists of?

A

multicellular eukaryote

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15
Q

What does the animal and plant both consists?

A

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes, mitochondrion, smooth ER, rough ER, cytoskeleton, Golgi complex, and nuclear envelope

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16
Q

What does the plant consists that animal cells don’t have?

A

Cell wall, chloroplast, starch granules, thylakoids, vacuole, plasmodesma, glyoxysome, nucleolus, nucleoid

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17
Q

What does animal cell that plant cell do not have?

A

Nucleus, membrane-enclosed organelles

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18
Q

What is the function of eukaryotes nuclear membrane

A

protection for DNNA, site of DNA metabolism, selective import and export via the pores

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19
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Provides energy for animals, plants, and fungi

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20
Q

What is the function of Golgi complex?

A

processes and packages and targets proteins to other organelles

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21
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Energy in plants

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22
Q

What is the function of Lysosome?

A

digestions for unneeded molecules?

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23
Q

What is spatial separation?

A

energy-yielding and energy-consuming reactions helps cells to maintain homeostasis and stay away from equilibrium

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24
Q

What are cytoplasm?

A

highly viscous solution where many reactions take place

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25
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

cell structure created created by protein filaments that crisscross to create a 3D interlocking meshwork

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26
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consists?

A

microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

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27
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

gives cell shape, intracellular organization, transport paths, and allows for movement

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28
Q

How is cellular organization?

A

dynamic, constantly changing at different stages

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29
Q

How does living systems extract energy

A

light(plant) or chemicals (fuels); animal

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30
Q

what does biochemistry focus on?

A

accelerating reactions in cells, organization of metabolism and signaling in cells, storage and transfer of information in cells

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31
Q

How many elements are essential for life

A

30

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32
Q

What are the primarily the 30 elements

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

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33
Q

What metal ions plays an important metabolic role?

A

K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+

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34
Q

What are trace enzymes are part of?

A

enzymes

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35
Q

What are the functional groups pin biomolecules?

A

biomolecules are derivatives of hydrocarbons with H replaced by a variety of functional groups

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36
Q

What are the building biochemistry?

A

Sugars, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides

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37
Q

What is an epimer?

A

One chiral compounds that can be named either D/L or R/S

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38
Q

If there is multiple chiral centers, how are they named?

A

each of them are named

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39
Q

Structural isomers

A

same atoms but different order of bonding, different properties

40
Q

Stereoisomers

A

molecules with the same chemical bond but have different configuration, and different properties

41
Q

Enantiomers (mirror images)

A

have identical physical properties and react identically with chiral , but may have different biological activity

42
Q

Diastereomers

A

not mirror images have different physical and chemical properties

43
Q

geometric isomers

A

cis/trans have different physical and chemical properties

44
Q

What types can isomerases convert between

A

racemase, epimase, cis-trans isomerase

45
Q

What is a characteristics of cis/trans?

A

Each is well defined compound with unique chemistry that can be separated from the other

46
Q

The binding of chiral biomolecules

A

stereospecific(proteins, antibodies, and enzymes) and binds one stereoisomers

47
Q

How can drugs are affected by enantiomers?

A

have different structures, and different effects

48
Q

which drug is cheaper?

A

Racemic mixture is cheaper than enantiopure drug with similar effects

49
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed; takes the same energy to break a bond as the amount of its formation

50
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

a chemical or physical process goes spontaneously in direction of greater disorder(entropy)

51
Q

True or False: Cell maintain order at the expense of the environment

A

True

52
Q

true or False: Cell maintain order (positive entropy), which creates disorder in environment (negative entropy)

A

False. Cell maintain order(negative entropy) which created disorder in the environment (positive entropy)

53
Q

What is the sum of entropy of the system(cell) and the surrounding(environment)?

A

positive

54
Q

Where does the living organism extract energy from surrounding via?

A

sunlight or chemicals

55
Q

In order to for metabolic energy is spent to do work

A

the disorder of the system and surroundings increases

56
Q

what happens when the energy is releases again to the surroundings?

A

Products are less organized than started before

57
Q

Cells use some of the energy to perform anabolic reactions producing what the of macromolecules?

A

More ordered

58
Q

True or False: Cells increases entropy of universe, S is positive

A

true

59
Q

What is the free energy?

A

energy available to do work

60
Q

How is change in energy expressed?

A

delta G

61
Q

What formula measures enthalpy, entropy, and movement of the system?

A

delta g=delta h-T(deltaS)

62
Q

what does it mean when delta G equals 0?

A

system moves towards equilibrium

63
Q

What keeps reaction from going downhill

A

activation energy

64
Q

True or false: Enzymes increases activation energy

A

False. Enzymes lowers activation energy

65
Q

How can we extract energy?

A

If done in a stepwise manner

66
Q

how is biosynthetic pathway is significant?

A

the sum of all free energy change

67
Q

what is debragative

A

more energy bonds made the consumed?

68
Q

What does delta G tell?

A

the direction of reactions as they go to equilibrium but not the speed

69
Q

Reaction can increase with:

A

higher temperatures
Higher concentration of reactants
However concentration of products
Change the reaction by coupling to a fast one
Lower activation barrier by catalysis

70
Q

endergonic reaction

A

synthesis of complex molecules and metabolic reaction requires energy

71
Q

exergonic reaction

A

breakdown of some metabolite releases significant energy

72
Q

what allows for unfavorable reactions?

A

Chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reaction

73
Q

ATP reaction

A

ATP=ADP + Pi + Energy

74
Q

Glucose Reaction

A

Glucose + Pi= Glucose 6-phosphate

75
Q

What must occur in energy coupling?

A

group transfer or energy is lost as heat

76
Q

True or False: Positive delta G(endergonic) reaction are coupled with delta G negative(exergonic) reactions

A

True

77
Q

What is the typical source of free energy in biological reactions

A

energy released by hydrolysis of ATP

78
Q

How many does ATP phosphoanhydride bonds?

A

2

79
Q

Why does ATP hydrolysis has a negative delta G?

A

Competing resonance
Hydrolysis consumed a water
Electrostatic repulsion of oxygens relieved
ADP has greater entropy than ATP

80
Q

What should be accompanied with group activation in a group transfer?

A

AMP or P raises a molecule’s energy state

81
Q

True or False: Enzymes must not couple with AtP hydrolysis to other reactions

A

False. Enzymes must couple with ATP hydrolysis to other reactions

82
Q

Why can’t couple reactions result of two completely separate reaction?

A

Energy is releases as heat

83
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. It lowers the activation free energy

84
Q

Catalysts cannot do

A

alter delta G and cannot go against equilibrium

85
Q

What are enzymatic catalysis benefits

A
  1. Reaction acceleration under milder conditions
  2. High specify
  3. Regulation
  4. Coupling reactions to ATP hydrolysis
  5. Avoiding side reactions
  6. Substrate channeling
86
Q

metabolic pathways

A

produce energy or valuable materials; can be both catabolic(exergonic) or anabolic (endergonic) or amphibole (both)

87
Q

Pathway

A

thousands of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells are functionally organized into many sequences of consecutive reactions

88
Q

True or false: a signal transduction pathway transmit information

A

true

89
Q

How are pathways regulated?

A

via modifications

90
Q

What are the types of modification?

A
  1. activated or inactivated via covalent modification
  2. interaction with another molecule, a ligand or modulator
  3. allosteric feedback inhibition regulates enzymes by causing conformational changes
91
Q

What was a key step in genetic and evolutionary foundations?

A

Formation of self-replicating molecules

92
Q

What rose first?

A

RNA before DNA

93
Q

Proteins

A

Later variant were able to catalyze the condensation of amino acids

94
Q

DNA

A

DNA molecules with sequences complementary to self-replicating RNA took over function of conserving genetic mater (more stable than RNA)

95
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

Physiology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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