Medical Biochemistry Chapter 1 Flashcards
From where does living organism arise from
thousand of different biomolecules
Light has a high degree in?
Complexity and organization
What are macromolecules?
highly ordered polymers which assemble to form complex structures in cell; Polymers form structure that are essential in biological activity
How does life use energy?
in order to maintain equilibrium internally, it creates disorder to into environment
What is life able to do?
it is able to sense and respond to changes in the environment by adapting internal chemistry
Can life self-replicate?
It has the ability to while allowing enough change for evolution
What are the living organism made out of?
Cell of 1-2 micrometers long
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (all kingdoms except Monera)
What are the 5 kingdom?
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What does Monera consists of ?
unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
What does Protista consists?
unicellular eukaryote
What does fungi consists of?
unicellular and multicellular eukaryote
What does plantar consists of?
multicellular eukaryote
What does Animalia consists of?
multicellular eukaryote
What does the animal and plant both consists?
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes, mitochondrion, smooth ER, rough ER, cytoskeleton, Golgi complex, and nuclear envelope
What does the plant consists that animal cells don’t have?
Cell wall, chloroplast, starch granules, thylakoids, vacuole, plasmodesma, glyoxysome, nucleolus, nucleoid
What does animal cell that plant cell do not have?
Nucleus, membrane-enclosed organelles
What is the function of eukaryotes nuclear membrane
protection for DNNA, site of DNA metabolism, selective import and export via the pores
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
Provides energy for animals, plants, and fungi
What is the function of Golgi complex?
processes and packages and targets proteins to other organelles
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Energy in plants
What is the function of Lysosome?
digestions for unneeded molecules?
What is spatial separation?
energy-yielding and energy-consuming reactions helps cells to maintain homeostasis and stay away from equilibrium
What are cytoplasm?
highly viscous solution where many reactions take place
What is cytoskeleton?
cell structure created created by protein filaments that crisscross to create a 3D interlocking meshwork
What does the cytoskeleton consists?
microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
gives cell shape, intracellular organization, transport paths, and allows for movement
How is cellular organization?
dynamic, constantly changing at different stages
How does living systems extract energy
light(plant) or chemicals (fuels); animal
what does biochemistry focus on?
accelerating reactions in cells, organization of metabolism and signaling in cells, storage and transfer of information in cells
How many elements are essential for life
30
What are the primarily the 30 elements
C, H, O, N, P, S
What metal ions plays an important metabolic role?
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+
What are trace enzymes are part of?
enzymes
What are the functional groups pin biomolecules?
biomolecules are derivatives of hydrocarbons with H replaced by a variety of functional groups
What are the building biochemistry?
Sugars, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides
What is an epimer?
One chiral compounds that can be named either D/L or R/S
If there is multiple chiral centers, how are they named?
each of them are named
Structural isomers
same atoms but different order of bonding, different properties
Stereoisomers
molecules with the same chemical bond but have different configuration, and different properties
Enantiomers (mirror images)
have identical physical properties and react identically with chiral , but may have different biological activity
Diastereomers
not mirror images have different physical and chemical properties
geometric isomers
cis/trans have different physical and chemical properties
What types can isomerases convert between
racemase, epimase, cis-trans isomerase
What is a characteristics of cis/trans?
Each is well defined compound with unique chemistry that can be separated from the other
The binding of chiral biomolecules
stereospecific(proteins, antibodies, and enzymes) and binds one stereoisomers
How can drugs are affected by enantiomers?
have different structures, and different effects
which drug is cheaper?
Racemic mixture is cheaper than enantiopure drug with similar effects
What is the first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed; takes the same energy to break a bond as the amount of its formation
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
a chemical or physical process goes spontaneously in direction of greater disorder(entropy)
True or False: Cell maintain order at the expense of the environment
True
true or False: Cell maintain order (positive entropy), which creates disorder in environment (negative entropy)
False. Cell maintain order(negative entropy) which created disorder in the environment (positive entropy)
What is the sum of entropy of the system(cell) and the surrounding(environment)?
positive
Where does the living organism extract energy from surrounding via?
sunlight or chemicals
In order to for metabolic energy is spent to do work
the disorder of the system and surroundings increases
what happens when the energy is releases again to the surroundings?
Products are less organized than started before
Cells use some of the energy to perform anabolic reactions producing what the of macromolecules?
More ordered
True or False: Cells increases entropy of universe, S is positive
true
What is the free energy?
energy available to do work
How is change in energy expressed?
delta G
What formula measures enthalpy, entropy, and movement of the system?
delta g=delta h-T(deltaS)
what does it mean when delta G equals 0?
system moves towards equilibrium
What keeps reaction from going downhill
activation energy
True or false: Enzymes increases activation energy
False. Enzymes lowers activation energy
How can we extract energy?
If done in a stepwise manner
how is biosynthetic pathway is significant?
the sum of all free energy change
what is debragative
more energy bonds made the consumed?
What does delta G tell?
the direction of reactions as they go to equilibrium but not the speed
Reaction can increase with:
higher temperatures
Higher concentration of reactants
However concentration of products
Change the reaction by coupling to a fast one
Lower activation barrier by catalysis
endergonic reaction
synthesis of complex molecules and metabolic reaction requires energy
exergonic reaction
breakdown of some metabolite releases significant energy
what allows for unfavorable reactions?
Chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reaction
ATP reaction
ATP=ADP + Pi + Energy
Glucose Reaction
Glucose + Pi= Glucose 6-phosphate
What must occur in energy coupling?
group transfer or energy is lost as heat
True or False: Positive delta G(endergonic) reaction are coupled with delta G negative(exergonic) reactions
True
What is the typical source of free energy in biological reactions
energy released by hydrolysis of ATP
How many does ATP phosphoanhydride bonds?
2
Why does ATP hydrolysis has a negative delta G?
Competing resonance
Hydrolysis consumed a water
Electrostatic repulsion of oxygens relieved
ADP has greater entropy than ATP
What should be accompanied with group activation in a group transfer?
AMP or P raises a molecule’s energy state
True or False: Enzymes must not couple with AtP hydrolysis to other reactions
False. Enzymes must couple with ATP hydrolysis to other reactions
Why can’t couple reactions result of two completely separate reaction?
Energy is releases as heat
What is a catalyst?
compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. It lowers the activation free energy
Catalysts cannot do
alter delta G and cannot go against equilibrium
What are enzymatic catalysis benefits
- Reaction acceleration under milder conditions
- High specify
- Regulation
- Coupling reactions to ATP hydrolysis
- Avoiding side reactions
- Substrate channeling
metabolic pathways
produce energy or valuable materials; can be both catabolic(exergonic) or anabolic (endergonic) or amphibole (both)
Pathway
thousands of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells are functionally organized into many sequences of consecutive reactions
True or false: a signal transduction pathway transmit information
true
How are pathways regulated?
via modifications
What are the types of modification?
- activated or inactivated via covalent modification
- interaction with another molecule, a ligand or modulator
- allosteric feedback inhibition regulates enzymes by causing conformational changes
What was a key step in genetic and evolutionary foundations?
Formation of self-replicating molecules
What rose first?
RNA before DNA
Proteins
Later variant were able to catalyze the condensation of amino acids
DNA
DNA molecules with sequences complementary to self-replicating RNA took over function of conserving genetic mater (more stable than RNA)
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA to RNA to Protein
