Medical Flashcards
What are the three methods of controlling bleeding?
Direct Pressure - This is the first and most effective way to stop hemorrhage (bleeding)
Indirect Pressure - In instances of severe bleeding where direct pressure or elevating the wound does not help, indirect pressure may be added using pressure points
Tourniquet - A constricting band that is used to cut off the supply of blood to an injured limb. Use a tourniquet as a last resort.
State the three objectives of first aid.
Save Lives
Prevent Further Injuries
Preserve Vitality and Resistance to Infection
Direct Pressure
This is the first and most effective way to stop hemorrhage (bleeding)
Apply pressure directly to the wound
Indirect Pressure
In instances of severe bleeding where direct pressure or elevating the wound does not help, indirect pressure may be added using pressure points
Tourniquet
A constricting band that is used to cut off the supply of blood to an injured limb. Use a tourniquet as a last resort.
Identify an example of a pressure point.
Bleeding can often be temporarily controlled by applying hand pressure to the appropriate pressure point. A pressure point is a place where a main artery to the injured part lies near the skin surface and over a bone. Apply pressure to this point with the fingers or with the heel of the hand.
How many pressure points are there?
22; 11 on each side of the body.
What are the pressure points and where are they located?
Superficial Temporal Artery - Temple
Facial Artery - Jaw
Common Carotid Artery - Neck
Subclavian Artery - Collar Bone
Brachial Artery - Inner Upper Arm
Brachial Artery - Inner Elbow
Radial/Ulnar Artery - Wrist
Femoral Artery - Upper Thigh
Iliac Artery - Groin
Popliteal Artery - Knee
Anterior/Posterior Tibial Artery - Ankle
Superficial Temporal Artery
Temple
Facial Artery
Jaw
Common Carotid Artery
Neck
Subclavian Artery
Collar Bone
Brachial Artery
Inner Upper Arm and Inner Elbow
Radial/Ulnar Artery
Wrist
Femoral Artery
Upper Thigh
Iliac Artery
Groin
Popliteal Artery
Knee
Anterior/Posterior Tibial Artery
Ankle
Describe the symptoms and treatment for shock.
Shock - is a disruption of the circulatory system
Symptoms Include - vacant or lackluster eyes, shallow or irregular breathing, cold pale skin, nausea, and weak or absent pulse
Treatment - is to lay the victim down with the feet elevated 6-12 inches. Cover them to maintain body heat. Reassure and calm the victim, if conscious.
What is Shock?
Shock is a disruption of the circulatory system
What are the symptoms of Shock?
Symptoms include vacant or lackluster eyes, shallow or irregular breathing, cold pale skin, nausea, and weak or absent pulse
How do you treat shock?
Treatment is to lay the victim down with the feet elevated 6-12 inches. Cover them to maintain body heat. Reassure and calm the victim, if conscious.
What are the three classifications of burns?
First Degree Burn - mildest, producing redness, increased warmth, tenderness and mild pain. This type of burn will hurt the least.
Second Degree Burn - red and blistered skin; severe pain. This type of burn will hurt the most due to the blisters and pain the victim feels.
Third Degree Burn - destroyed tissue, skin, and bone in severe cases. Severe pain may be absent due to nerve endings being destroyed.
First Degree Burn
Mildest, producing redness, increased warmth, tenderness and mild pain. This type of burn will hurt the least.
Second Degree Burn
Red and blistered skin; severe pain. This type of burn will hurt the most due to the blisters and pain the victim feels.
Third Degree Burn
Destroyed tissue, skin, and bone in severe cases. Severe pain may be absent due to nerve endings being destroyed.
State the symptoms and treatment for heat exhaustion.
Heat Exhaustion - a serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs.
Symptoms - cool, pale, and moist skin; heavy sweating, dilated pupils; headache, nausea, and vomiting. Body temperature will be nearly normal.
Treatment - get the person out of the heat and into a cooler place. Place into shock position. Either loosen or remove clothing. Cool by fanning and applying cold packs. Give victim 1/2 glassful of water to drink every 15 minutes.
What is Heat exhaustion?
Heat Exhaustion is a serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs.
What are the symptoms of Heat Exhaustion?
Cool, pale, and moist skin; heavy sweating, dilated pupils; headache, nausea, and vomiting. Body temperature will be nearly normal.
How do you treat Heat Exhaustion?
Get the person out of the heat and into a cooler place. Place into shock position. Either loosen or remove clothing. Cool by fanning and applying cold packs. Give victim 1/2 glassful of water to drink every 15 minutes.
State the symptoms and treatment for Heat Stroke.
Heat Stroke - a very serious condition caused by a breakdown of the sweating mechanism of the body.
Symptoms - hot, red skin; very small pupils; very high body temperature. If the victim was sweating from heavy work or exercise, skin may be wet; otherwise, it will feel dry.
Treatment - life-threatening situation. Get the person out of the heat and I to a cooler place. Cool victim fast. Immerse in cool bath or wrap wet sheets around the body and fan it. Give nothing by mouth.
What is Heat Stroke?
A very serious condition caused by a breakdown of the sweating mechanism of the body.
What are the symptoms of Heat Stroke?
Hot, red skin; very small pupils; very high body temperature. If the victim was sweating from heavy work or exercise, skin may be wet; otherwise, it will feel dry.
What is the treatment for Heat Stroke?
Life-threatening situation. Get the person out of the heat and I to a cooler place. Cool victim fast. Immerse in cool bath or wrap wet sheets around the body and fan it. Give nothing by mouth.
What are two examples of heat related injuries?
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Stroke
State the difference between an “Open” and “Closed” fracture.
Closed Fracture - is a fracture where the bone has not penetrated the skin. The injury is entirely internal; however in some cases there may be internal bleeding depending on where the fracture is located.
Open Fracture - the fractured bone has penetrated the skin. An additional concern with this type of fracture is infection and controlling of bleeding.
What is a Closed Fracture?
It is a fracture where the bone has not penetrated the skin. The injury is entirely internal; however in some cases there may be internal bleeding depending on where the fracture is located.
What is an Open Fracture?
When the fractured bone has penetrated the skin. An additional concern with this type of fracture is infection and controlling of bleeding.
What are the methods for clearing an obstructed airway?
If the victim can breath and talk, then do nothing. The victim is capable of doing a better job of clearing the airway than you can.
If the victim is wheezing and cannot talk, then use the abdominal thrust to clear the airway.
What are the symptoms and treatment of Hypothermia?
Hypothermia - a general cooling of the whole body caused by exposure to low or rapidly falling temperature, cold moisture, snow, or ice.
Symptoms - shivering, dizziness, numbness, confusion, weakness, impaired judgement, impaired vision, and drowsiness.
Treatment - get victim out of cold and into dry clothing. Warm up body slowly. Give nothing to eat or drink.
What is Hypothermia?
A general cooling of the whole body caused by exposure to low or rapidly falling temperature, cold moisture, snow, or ice.
What are the symptoms
Of Hypothermia?
Shivering, dizziness, numbness, confusion, weakness, impaired judgement, impaired vision, and drowsiness.
What is the treatment for Hypothermia?
Get victim out of cold and into dry clothing. Warm up body slowly. Give nothing to eat or drink.
What are the symptoms and treatment for Superficial Frostbite?
Superficial Frostbite - ice crystals forming in the upper skin layers after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower.
Symptoms - tingling and redness in the extremities.
Treatment - warm the affected areas either in lukewarm water (not hot), or wrap the effected areas in a material such as a blanket, gloves, etc.
What is Superficial Frostbite?
Ice crystals forming in the upper skin layers after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower.
What are symptoms of Superficial Frostbite?
Tingling and redness in the extremities.
What is the treatment for Superficial Frostbite?
Warm the affected areas either in lukewarm water (not hot), or wrap the effected areas in a material such as a blanket, gloves, etc.
What are the symptoms and treatment for Deep Frostbite?
Deep Frostbite - in Deep Frostbite, the freezing reaches into the deep tissue layers. There are ice crystals in the entire thickness of the extremity.
Symptoms - first sign may be that the skin is flushed. The skin color of the frost bitten area then changes to white or grayish yellow and finally grayish blue. Pain is sometimes felt early on but later goes away. Area feels very cold and numb. Victim may not be aware of the injury.
Treatment - get the victim into a warm place. Put the frozen parts in warm, but not hot, water. Handle them gently. DO NOT RUB OR MASSAGE THEM! Put dry sterile gauze between toes and fingers after warming. Loosely bandage the injured area.
What is Deep Frostbite?
In Deep Frostbite, the freezing reaches into the deep tissue layers. There are ice crystals in the entire thickness of the extremity.
What are the symptoms of deep frostbite?
The first sign may be that the skin is flushed. The skin color of the frost bitten area then changes to white or grayish yellow and finally grayish blue. Pain is sometimes felt early on but later goes away. Area feels very cold and numb. Victim may not be aware of the injury.
What is treatment of Deep Frostbite?
Get the victim into a warm place. Put the frozen parts in warm, but not hot, water. Handle them gently. DO NOT RUB OR MASSAGE THEM! Put dry sterile gauze between toes and fingers after warming. Loosely bandage the injured area.
What are three examples of cold weather injuries?
Hypothermia
Superficial Frostbite
Deep Frostbite
Senior Medical Officer
LCDR Adams, Shannon
Medical Flight Deck Jersey
White Jersey, Red Cross
How many Battle Dressing stations are there on the ship?
6
Where are the Battle Dressing Stations (BDS) located?
Main BDS: 2-109-0-L Aft BDS: 2-213-3-L Forward BDS: 2-54-2-L Aft Auxiliary BDS: 03-225-6-L Forward Auxiliary BDS: 03-18-2-L Flight Deck BDS: 04-165-3-L
What is the primary elevator used for Medical Emergency?
Upper Stage 2
Gitmo 8 Wounds
Smoke Inhalation Electrical Shock Abdominal Evisceration Sucking Chest Wound Compound Fracture Burns Facial Wounds Amputation
How many types of stretchers are used onboard the ship?
2
What are the two types of stretchers used onboard the ship?
Reeve’s Sleeve
Stokes Stretcher
What is the Reeve’s Sleeve?
Primary stretcher used for medical emergencies
The only stretcher that can be used to transport a patient up or down ladder wells
Located at all repair lockers and BDSs and Main Medical
What is Stokes Stretcher?
Used mainly during Mass Casualties
Can only be used to transport a patient on horizontal deck, no vertical transportation
What is Triage?
It is a French word, means “To Sort”.
The evaluation and classification of injured personnel to establish priorities for treatment and evacuation.
Triage is a continual process of patient assessment that requires constant reassessment and possible re-categorizing of patients at all areas.
Most commonly considered in a mass casualty situation.
How many Triage categories or levels are there?
There are 4 categories or levels of Triage.
What are the 4 categories or levels of Triage?
Immediate (RED)
Delayed (YELLOW)
Minimal (GREEN)
Expectant (BLACK)
Define the Intermediate (RED) category of Triage.
Immediate (RED), Casualties in this category have severe life-threatening wounds that require urgent intervention to prevent death.
Examples: unstable sucking chest wounds, abdominal wounds with internal hemorrhage, incomplete amputations, open fractures of long bones, extensive second or third degree burns.
Define the Delayed (YELLOW) category of Triage.
Delayed (YELLOW), casualties in this category can tolerate a delay prior to surgery.
Examples: stable abdominal wounds, facial wounds without airway involvement, compromise, and soft tissue wounds requiring debridement, fractures requiring operation, debridement and external fixation, most eye injuries.
Define the Minimal (GREEN) category of Triage.
Minimal (GREEN), Comprised of casualties with wounds that are so superficial that they require no more that cleansing, minimal debridement under local anesthesia, and a first aid type dressing.
Examples: minor burns (other than the face, hands, or genitalia), strains, combat stress
Define the Expectant (BLACK) category of Triage.
Expectant (BLACK), Casualties in this category have such extensive injuries that even if they were the ONLY casualty and had the benefit of optimal medical care, their survival would be very unlikely.
State the rescue and treatment as applied to electrical shock.
Personnel Rescue - ensure the power or electrical source has been secured prior to attempting to rescue the individual. If unable to locate the power source or secure the power, use a non conductive item such as a wooden pole, to remove any wires from the victim or to move the victim from the hazardous area.
Treatment - first check the airway, breathing, and circulation. Maintain an open airway and administer CPR if required. Treat for shock and burns. Remember the electricity usually leaves two burn marks (entry and exit point).
- The compression to ventilation ratio for doing CPR is 30:2. Rate 100 compressions per minute.
How would you rescue someone from electrical shock?
Ensure the power or electrical source has been secured prior to attempting to rescue the individual. If unable to locate the power source or secure the power, use a non conductive item such as a wooden pole, to remove any wires from the victim or to move the victim from the hazardous area.
How do you treat electrical shock?
First check the airway, breathing, and circulation. Maintain an open airway and administer CPR if required. Treat for shock and burns. Remember the electricity usually leaves two burn marks (entry and exit point).
- The compression to ventilation ratio for doing CPR is 30:2. Rate 100 compressions per minute.
What is the ratio of compressions to ventilation while performing CPR?
The compression to ventilation ratio for doing CPR is 30:2. Rate 100 compressions per minute.
