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Disease and Defense > Mediators of Inflammation > Flashcards

Mediators of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Cell derived mediators (9)

A 
Histamine
Serotonin
Leukotrienes
Platelet-activating factor
ROS
Nitric Oxide
Cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6)
Chemokines
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2
Q

Plasma Protein Derived mediators (3) - made in liver

A

Complement
Kinins
Proteases (activated during coagulation)

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3
Q

TLR typically secretes _____

Inflammasome typically secretes ______

A

TLR –> TNF

Inflammasome –> IL-1

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4
Q

4 things that cause histamine release

A

1) IgE
2) Physical
3) C3a, C5a
4) Cyotkines (IL-1, IL-8)

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5
Q

4 things that cause vasodilation

A

1) Histamine
2) Prostaglandins
3) Platelet activating factor
4) Bradykinins

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6
Q

6 things that cause increased vascular permeability

A

1) Histamine
2) Bradykinin
3) PAF
4) Leukotrienes
5) IL-1
6) TNF

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7
Q

4 things that cause endothelium activation (selectin and integrin ligand activation)

Histamine –> ?
IL-1 –> ?

A

TNF

IL-1 –> E selectin

Histamine –> P selectin

Thrombin

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8
Q

______ mediates leukocyte rolling

______ mediates leukocyte adhesion

A

selectins

Integrins

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9
Q

______ activates leukocyte integrins

A

chemokines

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10
Q

4 things that cause chemotaxis

A

1) Chemokines (IL-8)
2) C5a
3) Leukotriene B4
4) Bacterial products

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11
Q

3 opsonins that enhance phagocytosis include…

A

C3b
IgG
mannose binding lectin

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12
Q

Phagocyte oxidase is responsible for producing _____ in the phagocyte to kill microbes

A

superoxide

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13
Q

Myeloperoxidase produces ______ and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) produces ______ in the phagosome for killing microbes

A

Myeloperoxidase –> HOCl

iNOS –> NO

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14
Q

Acid proteases are active in _______ while neutral proteases are active ______

A

the phagosome

outside

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15
Q

TNF, Il-1, and IL-6 (chemokines) are responsible for… (3)

A

ACUTE inflammation system effects

1) Fever
2) acute phase protein synthesis
3) increased expression of adhesion molecules (endothelial activation)

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16
Q

IFN-gamma is responsible for…

A

CHRONIC inflammation

-M1 macrophage activation

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17
Q

3 things responsible for pain

A

1) Prostaglandins
2) Bradykinin
3) Substance P

18
Q

Steroids act to inhibit…

A

BOTH

-cyclooxygenase pathway (PGI2, TXA2, PGD2, PGE2)

AND

-Lipoxygenase pathway (leukotrienes and Lipoxins)

19
Q

NSAIDs act to inhibit

A

-cyclooxygenase pathway (PGI2, TXA2, PGD2, PGE2)

but NOT lipoxygenase pathway

20
Q

Thromboxanes cause… (2)

A

vasoconstriction

platelet aggregation

21
Q

Prostaglandins cause… (5)

A

pain, fever, inflammation

  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
22
Q

Leukotriene B4

A

chemotactic leukotriene!

it’s special

23
Q

Lipoxin acts to… (2)

A

inhibit inflammation

antagonist to leukotriene

24
Q

Leukotrienes cause… (2)

A
  • increased vascular permeability

- chemotaxis (Leukotriene B4)

25
Q

Serotonin causes…

A

vasoconstriction

26
Q

3 things that cause fever

A

1) IL-1
2) TNF
3) Prostaglandins

27
Q

3 things that can cause tissue damage

A

1) Lysosomal enymes of leukocytes
2) ROS
3) NO

28
Q

______ activates M1 pathway which in turn causes release of ______ and ______

A

IFN-gamma

IL-12, IL-1

29
Q

____ and _____ activates M2 pathway, which in turn causes release of ______ and ______

A

IL-13, IL-4

IL-10 and TGF-B

30
Q

IL-10 and TGF-B

A

anti-inflammatory effects, involved in repair

IL-10 = down regulate activity of macrophages (secreted by macrophages)

TGF-B = promotes fibrosis

31
Q

C1 inhibitor is…

A

anti-inflamatory

anti-compement

32
Q

Proteases like alpha-1-antitrypsin are…

A

anti-inflammatory

33
Q

Link between four plasma mediator systems:

A

Hageman factor XII

34
Q

IL-8

A
  • stimulate histamine release from mast cells

- neutrophil chemotactic

35
Q

IL-6

A

system mediator of acute inflammation

-induce hepatocyte production of proteins

CRP, SAA, Fibrinogen

36
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

LOCAL effects only

-platelet aggregation, vasodilation, vascular permeability, broncho-constriction, promote formation of other mediators

37
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

A

produced by endothelium and macrophages

Endothelium –> vasodilation

Macrophages –> killing of microbes

38
Q

Neuropeptides

A
  • Can initiate inflammation
  • increase vascular permeability

EX) Substance P –> secreted by nerves and inflammatory cells

39
Q

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)

A

Limits C3/C5 convertase –> inhibits complement

40
Q

Factor XII (Hageman)

A

Activates kinin system (bradykinins)

Stimulates clotting cascade (Thrombin)

41
Q

Bradykinins

A
  • increase vascular permeability
  • vasodilation
  • pain
42
Q

Thrombin

A

part of clotting cascade but also involved in inflammation

  • cleaves fibrinogen –> increase vascular permeability, chemotactic
  • enhances complement system (C5 –> 5a)

Disease and Defense (11 decks)

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