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Module 7 > Mediators of inflammation > Flashcards

Mediators of inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 hallmarks of inflammation?

A

redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body’ extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).

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2
Q

What are the 5 steps of inflammation?

A
  • Recognition
  • Recruitment
  • Removal
  • Regulation
  • Repair
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3
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation?

A
  • Dilutiion/inactivation of biological and chemical toxins
  • Killing/ sequestering/degradation of microbes, foreign material, nectrotic material and neoplastic cells
  • Providing wound healing factors
  • Restricting movement allowing time for repair
  • Increasing temperature to induce vasodilation and inhibit replication of pathogens
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4
Q

What are harmful consequences of inflammation?

A
  • Could be misdirected (allergies including asthma)
  • Could be excessive, prolonged and difficult to control
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5
Q

Give an example of an agent that is difficult to control and can cause excessive collateral damage.

A

Tuberculosis

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6
Q

Give an example of a surface that cannot engulf an agent.

A

Ag/Ab on immovable flat surface such as the glomerular basement membrane

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7
Q

What are the main cells involved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

What are the vascular effects of acute inflammation?

A
  • Dilation
  • Congestion
  • Increased permeability (oedema, plasma proteins in tissue, emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation)
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9
Q

How long does the onset of acute inflammation take?

A

Minutes or hours

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10
Q

How long does the onset of chronic inflammation take?

A

Days

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11
Q

What are the main cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

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12
Q

What causes chronic inflammation?

A
  • Persistant infection
  • Hypersensitivity (auto-immune and allergy)
  • Prolonged exposure to potential toxic agents
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13
Q

What are the most important mediators of acute inflammation?

A
  • Vasoactive amines
  • Lipid products
  • Cytokines/chemokines
  • Complement proteins
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14
Q

What are the major producers of mediators of acute inflammation?

A

Macrophages, mast cells and dendritic cells

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15
Q

What are the minor producers of mediators of acute inflammation?

A

Platelets, neutrophils, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of vasoactive amines.

A

Histamine and Serotonine

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17
Q

What cells produce Histamine?

A

Mast cells, Basophils, Platelets

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18
Q

What causes histamines to be released?

A
  • Trauma
  • Cold
  • Heat
  • Binding of Abs (IgE)
  • Complement fragments C3a and C5a (anaphylatoxins)
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19
Q

What cells produce serotonin?

A

Platelets and neuroendocrine cells

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20
Q

What are the effects of serotonin on blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriciton

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21
Q

Give 3 examples of Arachdonic acid metabolites (eicosanoids).

A
  • Prostoglandins
  • Leukotriens
  • Lipoxins
22
Q

What Arachdonic acid metabolite has an anti-inflammatory function?

A

Lipoxins

23
Q

What cells are prostoglandins produced by?

A

Mast cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and platelets

24
Q

What cells are Leukotreins produced by?

A

Mast cells and Leukocytes

25
Q

What cells are involved in the first step of Lipoxin synthesis?

A

Leukocytes
(especially neutrophils)

26
Q

What enzymes convert Arachdonic acid to Prostaglandin?

A

COX1 and COX2

27
Q

What inhibits Prostaglandin synthesis?

A

Aspirin, NSAIDS, selective COX2-inhibitors

28
Q

What enzymes convert Arachdonic acid to Leukotriens?

A

Lipoxygenase
(3 types)

29
Q

What inhibits Leukotrien synthesis?

A

5- Lipoxygenase inhibitor, LT-R-antagonist

30
Q

What cells are involved in the second stage of Lipoxin synthesis?

A

Platelets

31
Q

What enzyme converts Arachdonic acid to Lipoxin?

A

Lipoxygenase

32
Q

Why does Lipoxin have an anti-inflammatory reaction?

A

It inhibits the recruitment of Leukocytes

33
Q

What cells produce Cytokines?

A

Mainly Macrophages but also lymphocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial, endothelial and CT cells

34
Q

What are the roles of Cytokines?

A
  • Endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules and mediators)
  • Leukocyte activation (response to stimuli and microbiocidal action)
  • Systemic acute phase response including fever, and presence of cachexia
35
Q

Give examples of Cytokines.

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17

36
Q

What is the function of IL-6?

A

Local and systemic inflammation

37
Q

What is the function of IL-17?

A

Neutrophil recruitment

38
Q

What are the 4 major groups of chemokines?

A

C
CC
CXC
CX3C

39
Q

What group of chemokines are Lymphocytes attracted to?

A

C and CC

40
Q

What group of chemokines are monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes in?

A

CC

41
Q

What group of chemokines are neutrophils attracted to?

A

CXC

42
Q

What are the 3 main functions of chemokines?

A
  • stimulation of leukocyte attachment to endothelium (via integrins)
  • Maintenance of tissue architecture ( for example of T and B cells in different areas of lymph nodes)
  • Leukocyte migration
43
Q

Where are complement proteins located?

A

Present in the plasma in inactive forms

44
Q

What are the 3 main functions of complement proteins?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Opsonation and phagocytosis
  • Cell lysis
45
Q

What part of complement leads to chemotaxis and stimulates the lipoxygenase pathway ?

A

C5a

46
Q

What part of complement promotes phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages?

A

C3b

47
Q

What part of complement contributes to cell lysis?

A

MAC complex (C5b-C9)

48
Q

Give an example of a complement inhibitor?

A

Anti-C5 antibody
(Eculizimab)

49
Q

What are mediators of chronic inflammation

A

Cytokines

50
Q

What cytokines result in the termination of immune response and induction of tissue repair and fibrosis?

A

TGF-B and IL-10

Module 7 (10 decks)

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