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Module 7 > Elbow joint and muscles of the proximal forelimb > Flashcards

Elbow joint and muscles of the proximal forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

What region of the forelimb are the radius and ulna located in?

A

Antebrachium

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2
Q

What type of bones are the radius and ulna?

A

long bones

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3
Q

which bone is weight bearing out of the radius and the ulna?

A

Radius

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4
Q

What is the function of the ulna?

A

Provides leverage

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5
Q

True/False?
The radius is longer than the ulna?

A

FALSE
(Ulna is the longest!)

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6
Q

What part of the radius is the articular surface for the elbow joint?

A

Head

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7
Q

What part of the radius is the articular surface for the carpus?

A

Distal end

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8
Q

If you get a fracture to both the radius and ulna which is the most important to stablise and why?

A

Radius

  • It provides the main weight bearing facility
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9
Q

What part of the ulna is palpable?

A

olecranon process

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10
Q

What is the name for the beak shaped process that fits into the ulna fossa of the humerus?

A

Anconeal process

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11
Q

What part of the ulna is the articular surface fot the elbow joint?

A

Trochlea notch

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12
Q

What parts of the ulna does the radius sit between?

A

Medial and lateral coronoid processes

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13
Q

What ligament runs from the lateral to medial coronoid processes and holds the radius in place?

A

Annular ligaments

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14
Q

What is the name for the distal end of the ulna?

A

Styloid process
(also present in radius)

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15
Q

Where is the ulna in relation to the radius (proximally)?

A

Ulna is the most medial projection

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16
Q

Where is the ulna in relation to the radius (distally)?

A

Ulna is the most lateral projection

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17
Q

How many centres of ossification does the radius have?

A

3

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18
Q

How many centres of ossification does the ulna have?

A

4

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19
Q

What are the centres of ossification of the ulna?

A
  1. olecranon process
  2. Anconeal process
  3. Body
  4. Distal epiphyses
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20
Q

True/ False?
The anconeal process growth plate should already be closed when the animal is born?

A

True
(should not be seen on a radiograph- open growth plate is pathological!)

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21
Q

What would happen if the ulna stopped growing but the radius continued to grow?

A

Limb pushed in a medial direction

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22
Q

What ligaments attach to the styloid process?

A

collateral ligaments of the carpal joint

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23
Q

What are specific features seen in the radius and ulna of a cat?

A
  • Radius and ulna are a similar diameter (no tapering to a point like in dogs)
  • Olecranon process is sqaure
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24
Q

True/false?
The radius and ulna are already fused in the ruminant.

A

False
(2 complete bones that fuse as the animal ages)

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25
Q

True/false?
There is no rotation of the radius and ulna in larger animals.

A

True

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26
Q

Give specific features of the radius and ulna in the horse.

A
  • Proximal ulna present and fused to the radius
  • Body of the ulna is absent
  • Distal ulna fused with radius
  • no rotation
27
Q

What are the 3 components of the elbow joint?

A
  1. Trochlea of the humerus
  2. Trochlea notch of the ulna
  3. Head of the radius
28
Q

What are the palpable landmarks of the elbow joint?

A
  • Medial and lateral epicondyles
  • Olecranon process
29
Q

Where do the collateral ligaments of the elbow joint originate and insert into?

A

Humeral epicondyles to the radius and ulna

30
Q

What part of the humerus does the anconeal process engage with?

A

ulna fossa

31
Q

If the elbow is hyperextended what is more likely to occur dislocation or a fracture and why?

A

Dislocation of the ulna because the anconeal process is no longer engaging with the ulnar fossa of the humerus when the limb is flexed.

32
Q

What is osteochondrosis?

A
  • Developmental disease
  • Erosion of articular cartilage and subchondral bone
33
Q

What is oesteoarthritis?

A
  • Degenerative joint disease
  • New bone formation
34
Q

What developmental conditions could lead to elbow dysplasia?

A

-Osteochondrosis
- Ununited anconeal process
- Fragmented medial coronoid process
- Elbow incongruity

35
Q

Where is the O and I of the deltoideus muscle?

A

O- Spine of scapula
I - lateral aspect of humerus

36
Q

Where is the deltoideus muscle located?

A

Caudolateral aspect of the limb

37
Q

How many heads does the deltoideus muscle have?

A

2

38
Q

What is the function of the deltoideus muscle?

A

Shoulder flexor
(crosses caudal to shoulder joint)

39
Q

What nerve supplies the deltoideus muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

40
Q

What is the O and I of the teres major muscle?

A

O - caudal border of the scapular
I- Medial humerus

41
Q

Where is the teres major located?

A

Caudomedial aspect of the limb

42
Q

What is the function of the teres major?

A

shoulder flexor
(crosses caudal to the shoulder joint)

43
Q

What nerve supplies the teres major?

A

Axillary nerve

44
Q

How many heads does the triceps brachii have?

A

4

45
Q

Where is the O of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

Caudal border of the scapula

46
Q

Where is the O of the 3 smaller heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Shaft of humerus

47
Q

Where do all heads of the triceps brachii muscle insert into?

A

Olecranon process of the ulna

48
Q

Where is the triceps brachii muscle located?

A

Caudal aspect of the limb

49
Q

What are the functions of the triceps brachii muscle?

A
  • Shoulder flexor
  • Elbow extensor
50
Q

What nerve supplies the triceps brachii muscle?

A

Radial nerve

51
Q

Where is the biceps brachii muscle located?

A

Cranial- medial aspect of the limb

52
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

O- supraglenoid tubercle
I - Proximal radius

53
Q

What is the function of the biceps brachii muscle?

A
  • Shoulder extensor (cranial to shoulder)
  • Elbow flexor (cranial to elbow)
54
Q

What nerve supplies the biceps brachii muscle?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

55
Q

What is the biceps brachii muscle deep to?

A

Pectorals and brachiocephalic

56
Q

What animal has a lacertus fibrosis?

A

horse

57
Q

What is the lacertus fibrosis?

A

Fibrous extension from the distal end of the biceps brachii to the 3rd metacarpal of the horse.
Contributes to long standing time

58
Q

Where is the lacertus fibrosis located in relation to the carpus?

A

Dorsal to the carpus

59
Q

What is the function of the lacterus fibrosis?

A

Carpal extensor

60
Q

Where is the O and I of the brachialis muscle?

A

O- humerus
I - radius

61
Q

What muscle wraps around the humerus?

A

Brachialis

62
Q

What is the function of the brachialis muscle?

A

Elbow flexor
(crosses cranial to elbow joint)

63
Q

What nerve supplies the brachialis muscle?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

64
Q

What muscles provide shoulder collateral support?

A

infraspinatous
supraspinatous
subscapularis

Module 7 (10 decks)

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