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Anatomy Cards with Pics > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum:

  1. Location
  2. Borders
A
  1. In the center between two pleural cavities (at sternum), but also projects left of sternum to include heart
    anterior: sternum
    posterior: thoracic vertebrae
    superior: superior thoracic aperture
    inferior: diaphragm
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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A

superior and inferior

inferior includes anterior, middle=pericardium, and posterior

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3
Q

Transerse thoracic plane

  1. Location
  2. What does it separate
A
  1. Sternal angle anteriorly to 4/5th intervertebral disc posteriorly
  • Divides mediastinum into superior and inferior levels
  • Also divides the aortic arch into its ascending and descending branches
  • Defines superior limit of the pericardium
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4
Q

What is the most anterior structure in the mediastinum? What does it do?

A

Thymus (not thyroid)

Lymphoid organ that makes T cells - large in children

involution at puberty = becomes fat

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5
Q

What are the four layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Parietal serous layer
  3. Pericardial cavity
  4. Visceral serous layer = epicardium
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6
Q

What are special features of the fibrous pericardium?

A
  • Tough outer layer = does not stretch
  • Fused to diaphragm and tunica adventitia of the great vessels
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7
Q

Which two layers is the pericardial cavity between?

A

Parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

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8
Q

Inferior vena:

  1. blood from where
  2. where does it enter the heart

3, Where does it pierce the diaphragm

A
  1. deoxy blood from lower half of the body
  2. inferior right atrium
  3. T8
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9
Q
A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What are the immediate bracnhes of the aortic arch?

A
  1. brachiocephalic
  2. left common carotid
  3. left subclavian
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13
Q

Descending aorta

  1. Where does it begin and end
  2. Name the major branches
A
  1. Begins at the transverse thoracic plane, ends at the T12 level of the diaphragm
  2. bronchial arteries, esophageal arteries, posterior intercostal arteries
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14
Q

Pulmonary trunk

  1. What is it?
  2. Where are its branches?
A
  1. main pulmonary artery from the right ventricle
  2. Right pulmonary artery = posterior to ascending aorta and SVC
  3. Left pulmonary artery = anterior to thoracic aorta and SVC
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15
Q

What is the function of the structure?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum - remnant of ductus arteriosus

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16
Q
A
17
Q

Trachea

  1. What is it posterior to?
  2. Where does it bifurcate into the primary bronchi?
A
  1. great vessels
  2. T4 level
18
Q

Tracheal lymph nodes

A
19
Q

What are the openings in the diaphragm and what passes through each?

A

I 8 10 Eggs At 12

I 8: IVC at T8

10 Eggs: Esophagus at T10 (with vagus nerve)

At 12: Descending aorta at T12 (with thoracic duct)

20
Q

What is the esophagus continuous with?

A

Pharynx and stomach

21
Q

Azygous system

  1. Right vs. Left of vertebral column
  2. What does it drain from
A

Right: azygous vein

Left: accessory hemiazygous vein

Drains from posterior intercostal veins

22
Q

Azygous vein

  1. Drain from
  2. drain to
A
  1. Veins from thoracic wall (posterior intercostal) and visceral veins
  2. drains into SVC superiorly and IVC inferiorly (in abdomen) -> serves as collateral if IVC is blocked
23
Q

What is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body

A

Thoracic duct

24
Q

Thoracic duct

  1. Drain from
  2. Where does it begin
  3. Drain to
A
  1. receives lymph from the entire lower body and upper left quadrant
  2. Begins as the cisterna chyli (major collecting point for lymph flow below abdomen)
  3. Drains to venous system: left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
25
Q

Cadaver image

A
26
Q

Thoracic visceral plexus

  1. What innervates it
  2. What are its subdivisions and it locations
A

1. Vagus nerve (parasympathetics)

  1. Cardiac plexus (on aortic arch), pulmonary plexus (near tracheal bifurcation), esophageal plexus (on esophagus)
27
Q

Thoracic Splanchnic nerves

  1. Vertebral level
  2. What does it innervate
  3. Divisions
A
  1. T5-T12 sympathetic ganglia
  2. Abdominal and pelvic cavities only (not thoracic)
  3. Greater splanchnic (T5-9), Lesser (T10-11), and Least (T12)
28
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct receive its lymph?

A

Right upper quadrant of body

29
Q

What are the main nerves of the mediastinum?

A
  1. phrenic nerves
  2. vagus nerve
  3. left recurrent laryngeal nerve
30
Q

Phrenic nerves

  1. function
  2. Vertebral level
  3. Where does it enter mediastinum
  4. what does it travel along
A
  1. Breathing (somatic efferent fibers to diaphragm)
  2. C 3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive
  3. superior thoracic aperture
  4. Runs down fibrous pericardium
31
Q

What vessels supply the pericardium and diaphragm? What does it travel with?

A

Pericardiacophrenic vessels (travel with phrenic nerves)

32
Q

Which nerve travels anterior to the root of the lung? Posterior?

A

Anterior: Phrenic nerve

Posterior: Vagus nerve

33
Q

Vagus nerve

  1. function
  2. Vertebral level
  3. Where does it enter mediastinum
  4. what does it travel along
A
  1. PNS, visceral afferent fibers (to visceral plexuses), somatic efferent fibers (to larynx)
  2. Brainstem (CN X)
  3. Superior thoracic aperture
  4. Posterior to root of the lung
34
Q

Right vs. Left vagus nerve

  1. Travel differences
  2. Relation to esophageal plexus
A

Right: travels along trachea, enters posterior part of esophageal plexus

Left: travels along aortic arch, enters anterior part of esophageal plexus

35
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

  1. From what major nerve
  2. Where does it arise
  3. Function
  4. Places of injury
A
  1. Vagus nerve
  2. Near aortic arch, loops around aorta & posterior to ligamentum arteriosum
  3. somatic efferent fibers to larynx muscles
  4. tracheal-esophageal groove, aortic anerurism, inflammation of ligamentum arteriosum -> hoarseness of voice
36
Q

Describe structures of mediastinum from anterior to posterior

A

Thymus -> Great vessels/Heart -> Trachea -> Esophagus -> Azygous system/Thoracic duct ->Symp trunk

37
Q

Where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve located?

A

Wraps under the subclavian artery (NOT in mediastinum)

Anatomy Cards with Pics (11 decks)

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