Media Theorists

Question 1

David Hesmondhalgh

Answer 1

Power of commerce and profit- industries rely on repetition through use of stars, genres, franchises, repeatable narratives to sell formats to audiences

Question 2

Clay Shirky

Answer 2

“end of audience”, participatory culture - speak back to producers, predictable behaviour has now gone

Question 3

Curran & Seaton

Answer 3

Concenration of Media ownership- narrows range of opinons represented and a pursuit of profit at the expense of quality or ceativity.

Question 4

Livingstone & Lunt

Answer 4

Media regulation- regulation is being risked by increasingly globalised media industries

Question 5

Stuart Hall

Answer 5

Encoding decoding means that producers have preferred meanings but audiences may read in a more neotiated or oppositional manner. Also - power of representations; sterotypes can be damaging

Question 6

Albert Bandura

Answer 6

Imitative behaviour- The media can influence people directly- human values, judgement and conduct can be altered directly

Question 7

Claude Levi-Strauss

Answer 7

Binary opposites- narratives are structured through opposing terms male- female, nature- nurture

Question 8

Van Zoonen

Answer 8

Patriarchy, objectification of women goes against male bodies as spectacle

Question 9

bell hooks

Answer 9

Intersectionality = multiple discrimination + oppositional gaze

Question 10

Judith Butler

Answer 10

Gender is created in how w peform our gender roles, gender is peformance

Question 11

Steven Neale

Answer 11

Genre is not fixed but constantly evolves, this is a process shared by producers and audiences

Question 12

David Gauntlett

Answer 12

In the modern world, it is now an expectation that individuals make choices about their identity and lifestyle (more diverse representations)

Question 13

Roland Barthes

Answer 13

Semiotics, codes and meaning- denotation and connotation- analysing media texts

Question 14

Paul Gilroy

Answer 14

Britain has failed to mourn the loss of its empite, creating “postcolonial meloncholia” expresses itself in criminalising immigrants and an “us vs them” approach to the world

Question 15

Henry Jenkins

Answer 15

Fandom, shared cultures- participatory media- prosumers and paratexts active audience

Question 16

Jean Baudrillard

Answer 16

Postmodernism (replica, simulation, fakery) The new world of “hyperreality” - media simulations, for example Disneyworld and consumer fanatasy lands- is more real than the “real”, and controls how we think and behave

Question 17

George Gerbner

Answer 17

Exposure to media over long periods of time can influence how we think and behave, for example heavy television users were more likely to develop mean world syndrome

Question 18

Todorov

Answer 18

All narratives can be seen as a move from one state of equilibrium to another new equilibruim. E.g the hero expresses their heroism and defeats the villain