Media- Sociologists Flashcards
Traditional vs new media.
What did Bauman (2009) say?
‘During the last thirty years more information has been produced in the world than during the previous 5,000 years, while a single copy of the Sunday edition of New York Times contains more information than a cultivated person in the 18th century would consume in a lifetime’
What did ofcom say/do?
- They were the The Uk government approved regulatory and competition authority for broadcasting.
- They have wide ranges of powers across Tv, and radio and help stop private radios from happening e.g Kurupt
What does IPSO stand for and IBA?
- IPSO= Independent Press Standards Organisation.
They were the main industry regulator of the press in the Uk since 1990.
-IBA= Independent Broadcasting Authority.
They were the regulatory body in the Uk for commercial television.
Lords of the Global Village
What did Bagdikian say?
- Lords of the Global village was where they dominated the worlds mass media and controlled every step of information process
- Bagdikian said that there was a concentration of media ownership and that there was a handful of companies.
- He identified a number of features of media ownership: GE, News corp, Disney, Viacom, Time Warner, and CBS.
- Essentially these companies ruled world media and controlled most of it.
What were the features that Bagdikian identified of these companies?
- Concentration of ownership (few companies)
- Vertical integration (own all aspects of production)
- Horizontal integration (range of Media)
- Global Ownership
- diversification (diversity of products)
- Global conglomeration
- Synergy – Where a media product is sold in several different forms –fin
is then made into computer game
8.Technological convergence- several media technologies in one device
Marxists- What is the Glasgow Media Group (GMG)?
What does Althusser say?
- GMG believe media play important role in spreading dominant ideology
- The media control access to knowledge and encourage them to accept unequal society
- Some stories deliberately excluded.
- Althusser believes dominant ideology is spread through ideological state apparatuses.
- E.g mass media and education system induce people into false consciousness
Manipulative/instrumentalist approach
What does Morley (1999) say?
What does Miliband say?
What does Philo say?
MMP
Morley (1999) called ‘preferred reading’ when the audience responds to the ideas in the way the media producer wants them to.
- Miliband is a traditional marxist, audience directly manipulated by owners who directly control media content.
- He also says that media editors , managers and journalists have little choice.
- Audience is passive and easily manipulated.
Philo talks about the Banking crisis of 2008- only views of bankers and main parties considered
Pluralist Approach- what is it?
What does Bivens say?
What does MCLuhan say?
Beautiful MC
Power in society spread among a wide variety of competing interest groups.
People who own not driven by ideology but to gain audience numbers
Bivens- Three significant changes in journalism of old media
- Shifts in traditional news flow cycles
- Heightened accountability
- Evolving news values(Pluralism)
McLuhan- Global vilage, how digitized new media is and the collapse of space and time barriers thus shrinking the world and making it like a village/community
What are 3 criticisms to pluralism?
- Media owners sack editors who don’t push their agenda and hire those with similar outlook
- Managers and editors have very little freedom within companies
- Only rich and powerful have resources to launch media e.g rich and right wing- still dominant agenda
Give 2 pluralism PERCYS
p-Audience are free to pick and choose
E- those who own media are not driven by ideology but audience numbers
R- Bivens- 3 significant changes to journalism in old media
C-Pluralism has lead to tabloidization or ‘dumbing down’/ OFCOM stops owners from dominating
P- Power in society spread among wide variety of competing interest groups
E- Variety of channels, and new media
R- Neopihiliacs
C- Most media outlets are owned by a narrow. sub-section of society i.e rich and right wing Livingstone and Bovil Converging of technology
Ethnicity
Islamaphobia
Hargrave (2002) what did he say?
Beattie at al (1999) what did he say?
Cohen what did he say?
Hall et al what did he say?
HHarvards Black Cocks
Hargrave (2002)- Black people more than 2x likely as white people to be portrayed as criminals on tv.
Cohen- Mods and Rockers- Deviancy amplification
Beattie at al (1999) - Black and Asian more likely to be guests on a show. Ethnic minorities are ‘ghettoized’ in mainstream media.
Hall et al- media exaggerats extent of black crime, creating moral panics
Globalisation- How is culture going to be impacted by globalisation?
Fenton(1999)
- technology is the vehicle that has made it possible for mass cultures to see high cultures products and have them in their own homes
- Cultural and media imperialism- a process where Western values are imposed on non Western cultures, undermining local cultures and independence
- Fenton(1999) Term global rarely means universal and that normally disguises the domination of Western culture over others
Global culture
What does Ritzer say?
What does Sklair (2010) say?
What does Kellner (1995) say?
Rock singers kill
Ritzer- Sees American food industry as perfects example of global culture(Mcdonald’s 33,000 restaurants in 119 countries).
Skair(2010)- Media (largely American) spreads information, news, ideas and entertainment. However it blurs the distinctions and sells the American lifestyle as the ideal.
Kellner(1995)- Media has power to globally produce images of lifestyles that become part of everyday life. People form their identites based of this.
Post-modernist
Baudrillard
Strinarti
BS
Baudrillard- media saturated society- media images distort reality (Hyperreality)
Simulacra- something that replaces reality with it’s representation.
Strinarti- importance and power of media in shaping consumer choices- helps us define our identity
Social construction of the News (Factors)
2Big 3Black 4Penis
- Influence of owners
- Making a profit- Bagdikian advertising means news reporting will avoid offending advertisers
- Globalisation- Bivens- Citizen journalism changed journalism making activities more accountable
- gatekeeping media power to cover some and let other stories go- Philo bank crisis no other representation
- The presentation of the news- images create bias
What are primary definers?
Hall et all call these people who have privileged access to the media
How does the Male gaze link marxism to feminism
- media content doesn’t reflect social diversity
- Perspective is predominately male upper and middle class who own and control the media, and produce media
What is symbolic annihilation?
And what is the criticism
GGG
Gerbner and Gross suggest’ that it’s the absence of reputation between some groups in society.
This gives a distorted impression of some social groups, or erase them from public consciousness altogether
Gauntlett(2008)- says that diversity of representations and diversity of audiences cant be assumed by media and some people may choose to ignore, accept or reject media representations.
Or even in this postmodern age pick and mic media representations.
Age representation in media Aries Cohen Women in journalism(2009)/White et al(2012) Cuddy and Fiske(2004)
Akinfenwars Cock Went walking for cum
Childhood was a new stage of life between infancy and adulthood
Young people relatively powerless and easy group to blame for societies ills/ usually scape goats to become common enemy( moral panics)- Folk devils
Teenage boys were frequently portrayed as yobs and thugs
Broadcasters negativly portrayed young people and more than 40% are distified with the way they were portrayed on TV
Us only 1.5% of Tv portrayed its characters as elderly, with most in minor roles
Class
Working class
4 main representations-
Monkey-Butsch, trouble, romantic, Jones
Generally under-represented in the media but when they are negative
- Dumb and stupid buffoons- Butsch(2003) argues Tv representations reinforce ideological hegemony of dominant values
- Source of trouble and conflict
- Living in idealized/romanticized working class communities e.g road-men
- As white scum ‘chavs’ demonisation of working class
Middle/Upper class
Jones ‘’
Neo-Marxists
- Middle class is over-exposed in media than justified by their proportion in population
- positive light e.g mature and sensible- Jones(2011) impression ‘we are all middle class now’ values of middle class norm and we should all expire to be like that.
Most expensive representation upper class.
Represented generally as cultured and supirior with posh accents. Neo-Marxists cause envy by other classes to aspire to b like it
Disablility Shakespeare Barnes -5 VV-BHN-sI Sancho(2003) Phiol et al(2010)
Sancho Bernado Silver Pirlo
Shakespeare- Disablility is a social construction that is created by attititudes of society and not the state of our bodies
Barnes- media generated stigmatization of: Victims/vunerable to bullying, helpless, Non-sexual and incapable
Sancho(2003)- reported on representation and portrayal of disabled people in peak programmes (e.g 5:30pm-midnight)
Phiol et al(2010)- Negative stereotypes applied to people with mental health disablilities
Sexuality- Mac and ghail- McRobbie(1994) 'meterosexual' Gross(1991)
Marines Munch Reggie Garbage
crisis of masculinity
Men are begining to face same sort of physical scrutiny, as women have always had to put up with
men who embrase feminine side e.g touch in with feelings, take care of their fashion, use cosmetic products, and adopt ‘gay lifestyles’
media often symbolically annihilated gays and lesbians altogehter or made fun of.
Gender Oakley Mead Connell Mulvey
Ofenfue Mandingo Curry Monster
4 processes during primary socilaisation “manipulation” (different behaviours),
“canalisation” (different toys & games),
“verbal appellations” (different language & praise) and
“differential activity exposure” (different chores)
many masculine and feminine characteristics were based on cultural conditioning of society not sex- Tchambuli Tribe from new Guinea
Men created hegememonic masculinity
hegemonic identity one that is so dominant that its difficult to assert alternative identities
Male gaze
What is hyperdermic syringe Model?
And critisisms
- Media injects content into the ‘veins’ of media audience
- Audience passive and unthinking and thinking with dominant ideology
- E.g copycat crimes pornorgrapghy
Criticisms-
Assumes audiences are passive
Assumes media overrides agencies of socialisation
Little evidence media content has immediate effects
What is the The Two Step Flow Model?
And criticisms
Katz and Lazarfield- The media has strong effects on audiences but they do not passively respond to it
Step 1: Opinion leaders select and filter media
Step 2:opinion leaders selectively pass on these messages to others in their social group
Critisisms- More than 2 steps in media influence
Still assumes audiences are passive
Suggest people are vulnerable to opinion leaders
Assumes audiences are into active viewers and passive viewers
What is the ‘drip drip’ effect?/
Neo-Marxist know that media is heavily influenced by dominant groups within society.
Media over time subtly brainwashes the audience with a drip drip effects and will accept cultural hegemony
