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Sociology > Media: Ownership and Control > Flashcards

Media: Ownership and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of traditional media

A

Communicates uniform messages in one-way processes to assumed homogenous audiences.

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2
Q

Definition of new media

A

Screen-based, digital technology. Integration of images, text, sound, etc.

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3
Q

Who theorised 5 new media aspects?

A

Lister

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4
Q

What were listers 5 new media aspects?

A 
Digitality
Interactivity
Hypertextuality
Dispersal
Virtuality
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5
Q

Explain digitality (Lister)

A

Numeral data stored/distributed via technology.

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6
Q

Explain interactivity (Lister)

A

Consumers can engage/interact with media, creating own material, customising material with greater choice.

Ie. Sharing/tweeting

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7
Q

Explain hypertextuality (Lister)

A

Links that form a web of connections to information. Users can search, interact and customise media for own use.

Ie. Google/hyperlinks

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8
Q

Explain dispersal (Lister)

A

Media has become less centralised and more adapted to individual choice. Huge growth of media products which have become a part of everyday life.

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9
Q

Explain virtuality (Lister)

A

Various ways people can immerse themselves in unreal interactive experiences in virtual worlds. Imaginary identities.

Ie. Gaming/dating

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10
Q

Name and explain two formal controls of media

A

Laws of Libel (forbids publication of untrue statements encouraging ridicule)

Race Relations Act (forbids expression of opinions encouraging discrimination)

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11
Q

Suggest two implications of ownership concentration

A

Socialisation with similar/singular viewpoints.

Smaller companies struggle to survive.

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12
Q

Name the three approaches to new media

A

1) The Manipulative Approach
2) The Hegemonic Approach
3) The Pluralist Approach

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13
Q

What sociological group is behind the manipulative approach?

A

Traditional Marxists

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14
Q

What does the manipulative approach suggest about owner control of media?

A

Owners directly control media content by manipulating content and audience.

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15
Q

What does the manipulative approach suggest about the media and control apparatus?

A

Media is included in the ISA (ideological state apparatus) which promotes false class consciousness.

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16
Q

What does the manipulative approach suggest about the media’s place in society?

A

Media is part of society’s superstructure which is determined by the economy.

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17
Q

What did Curran and Seaton find evidence of regarding media (the manipulative approach)?

A

Evidence that media owners DID interfere with media content at expense of independence of journalists.

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18
Q

Supporting evidence for manipulative approach (Rupert Murdoch)

😊😊😊

A

Rupert Murdoch argued for Iraq war- no coincidence that 175 newspapers backed him.

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19
Q

Supporting evidence for manipulative approach: what did David Yelland suggest about a journalists journey?

😊😊😊

A

Suggested that journalists become socialised to ask themselves “what would Rupert (or owner) think?” when deciding on media content.

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20
Q

What would pluralists argue against the manipulative approach?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Argue that there is a wide range of opinions in media to please large audiences and protect profits.

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21
Q

Supporting evidence for manipulative approach: what did Miliband say about the dominant group using mass media as a tool?

😊😊😊

A

Used to control the masses and convince them that widespread inequalities are inevitable within capitalist society. Media is new opium (drug) of the people.

22
Q

Undermining view of manipulative approach regarding audiences?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Audiences are not as easily manipulated and gullible as approach suggests. People can reject or interpret media as they wish.

23
Q

What sociologist group is behind the hegemonic approach?

A

Neo-Marxists

24
Q

Do Neo-Marxists (hegemonic approach) also believe that the media is a tool used by the dominant class?

A

Yes

25
Q

What is the key difference between the manipulative and the hegemonic approach to mass media?

A

Key difference is view on the influence of media owners. Neo-Marxists suggest media owners have less direct control upon everyday content, instead this is selected by media professionals.

26
Q

What does degree of autonomy mean?

A

Aspect of independence

27
Q

What are news values?

A

Assumption or criteria journalists use to decide what is ‘news worthy’

28
Q

How does the hegemonic approach suggest journalists create personal news values?

A

Successful false class consciousness to agree with dominant ideology.

29
Q

Supporting hegemonic: name and describe one example of gate keeping

😊😊😊

A

Glasgow Media Group 2011 riots: more coverage on the damage caused than WHY people were rioting.

30
Q

Supporting hegemonic: what does this approach recognise about media content?

😊😊😊

A

Recognises that there can be a range of media content to attract audiences but majority is in the interest of the ruling class.

31
Q

Undermining hegemonic:
What does this approach underestimate?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Underestimates the power and influence of owners via promotion and dismissal.

32
Q

Undermining hegemonic:
What two methods used by media professionals suggest a direct manipulation of audience?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Gate-keeping

Agenda setting

33
Q

Undermining hegemonic: who studied media coverage of Global Financial Crisis in 2012?

A

Phill (2012)

34
Q

Undermining hegemonic: what did Philo find when studying media coverage of global financial crisis in 2012?

What methods of control does this show?

A

Media only broadcasted solutions presented by the three main government groups.

Agenda setting and gate keeping.

35
Q

What is the one consensus approach to mass media?

A

Pluralist approach.

36
Q

What do pluralists suggest about groups/class in society?

A

There is no dominant or ruling class, but numerous groups competing with different interests.

37
Q

What does the pluralist approach suggest about media control and ownership?

A

Owners do not directly control media content. What appears in the media is driven by consumer wishes.

38
Q

What does the pluralist approach suggest about bias in the media?

A

Any bias presented in the media merely reflects audience interests.

39
Q

Supporting pluralist:
What does this approach recognise about influences on media content?

😊😊😊

A

Recognises the range of pressures that influence media content to ensure ideological domination does not take place.

40
Q

Supporting pluralist: what shows that there is a range of interests presented in media?

😊😊😊

A

Wide range of newspapers, magazines and TV channels.

41
Q

Undermining pluralist: what does it not recognise about different groups in society?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Not all groups in society have equal influence on editors and journalists to get their views across and protect their interests.

42
Q

Undermining pluralist:
What groups/individuals in society have more power over media content and how do they use it?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Governments and rich individuals. Use political or legal pressure to stop stories that threaten their interests.

43
Q

Supporting pluralist: what does this approach recognise about ownership and control?

😊😊😊

A

Recognises that ownership and control are detached ie Murdoch could not contact each individual media employee to control their work.

44
Q

Undermining pluralist: what would Marxists argue about the social reality that this approach demands that the media reflects?

☹️☹️☹️

A

Argues that the ‘social reality’ presented is actually created by the media through desire and distorts social reality.

45
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

When a media company controls every stage of media production ie makes and broadcasts TV programmes.

46
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

Where an organisation develops by buying up competitors in same section of market. Ie Disney brought Pixar.

47
Q

What is cross media ownership?

A

When a company owns a range of media forms such as TV and newspapers.

48
Q

What is a media conglomerate?

A

An organisation that owns a large number of companies in various mass media platforms ie TV, radio, publishing.

49
Q

What is gate keeping?

A

The power of some people/organisations to limit access to information.

50
Q

What is agenda setting?

A

Media’s influence over the issues people think about because the list of subjects for public discussion is laid down by the mass media.

Sociology (3 decks)

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