Media - Ownership And Control

Question 1

What does Bagdikian argue? (Intro 2)

Answer 1

Increasing concentration of media means less people own it. In 1983, 50 corps controlled it in USA, by 2004, it was down to just 7.

Question 2

Pluralism claim

Answer 2

The media provides a range of views that reflect the diversity of society, as well as creating a politically literate nation.

Question 3

Pluralist reason

Answer 3

This means that there is something to watch for all individuals.

Question 4

Pluralist example

Answer 4

In the 1960s there were 4 TV channels and now there are 1000s.

Question 5

Pluralist evaluate

Answer 5

This means that the audience control the media. With the increase in technology, consumers can access many different types of media through many different technologies. Therefore they hold the power in which media to access.

Question 6

Pluralist counter

Answer 6

Murdock and Golding; power lies with this who own and control media as they decide what is made available and at what prices, thus excluding poorer people.

Question 7

Marxism claim

Answer 7

The process of media concentration has allowed the media to be controlled by a small proportion of media owners; they directly control it.

Question 8

Marxism reason

Answer 8

This means that owners can use media to control and manipulate media output and audiences to benefit themselves.

Question 9

Marxism example

Answer 9

Ex Italian prime minister, Silvio Berlosconi owned 3 TV channels that had an audience figure of 40% of the Italian population. He used this media outlet to help him win the election in 1994.

Question 10

Marxism evaluate

Answer 10

Because media owners have the economic power to own the organisations which produce media content, they have ability to influence and control its ideological output. The media contributes to the transmission of ruling class ideology.

Question 11

Marxism counter

Answer 11

Neophiliacs; those who adopt the use of new media suggest the rise in new digital media, the Internet and citizen journalism undermines the influence and control of media owners, giving more power to the masses.

Question 12

Neo Marxism claim

Answer 12

Although media professionals control the media, it still benefits the ruling class.

Question 13

Neo Marxism reason

Answer 13

This is because media professionals are socialised (through media, religion, education) into the same values as media owners. They bring these values to work with them.

Question 14

Neo Marxism example

Answer 14

GUMG found most journalists are white, middle class makes and due to their socialisation produce content supporting capitalism.

Question 15

Neo Marxism evaluate

Answer 15

Media owners trust the professionals they hire to produce content which will support their ideas and maintain “status quo”. Although media owners are under the ideological influence of the owners, they still themselves control what goes into the media.

Question 16

Neo Marxism counter

Answer 16

Yelland argues neo Marxism underestimates the true power of media owners. They hire professionals and fire them for stepping out of line. The Sun journalists; “What would Rupert think?”

Question 17

Define media (intro)

Answer 17

McCullagh- the means through which content, whether fact or fiction, is produced by organisations and transmitted to and received by an audience.