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Year 5 Histopath > MEDgems > Flashcards

MEDgems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the chemotherapy option for pancreatic cancer?

A

folfirinox
5-FU based

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2
Q

what enzyme is specific to Liver?

A

alanine aminotransferase
hepatocyte

ALT

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3
Q

what enzyme is present in liver, muscle and heart cells?

A

aspartate aminotransferases

ast

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4
Q

what pattern suggests alcoholic hepatitis?

A

AST:ALT ration>2

just raised GGT

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5
Q

enzyme marker in gilberts?

A

UDP-glucuronyl transferase

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6
Q

what is the pancreatic cancer marker?

A

carbohydrate antigen 19-9

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7
Q

what is INR and what is good to measure?

A

so basically time it takes to clot - prothrombin time is a good measure of this and the inr is an internationalused normalised ratio of that

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8
Q

histochemical stain for wilsons?

A

rhodanine

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9
Q

first line management for severe haemochromatosis

A

therapeutic phlebotomy

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10
Q

how can wilson be managed?

A

trientine - copper chelator

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11
Q

iron chelator used to treat haemochromatosis?

A

desferrioxamine

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12
Q

MEN - inheritance pattern?

MEN 1 - all P’s

A

autosomal dominant

autosomal dominant

pituitary adenoma
parathyroid hyperplasia
pancreatic

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13
Q

men 2A
think all C’s

A

parathyroid hyperplasia
medullary thryoid carcinoma
phaeochromoctyoma

calcitonin (medullary thyroid)
calcium (parathyroid)
catecholamine (phaeo)

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14
Q

MEN2B

think B’s

A

Big marfanoid
belly problems

medullary thyroid carcinoma
phaeo
marfanoid
mucosal neuroma’s

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15
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma
tumour marker

A

alpha fetoprotein

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16
Q

zollinger-ellison syndrome - which neuroendocrine syndrome

A

gastrinoma

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17
Q

biliart tract markers?

A

Gamma glutamyltransferase

alkaline phosphatase

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18
Q

hepatic adenomas are associated with what common medication?

A

OCP

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19
Q

hepatic ischaemia biomarker

A

alanine aminotransferase

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20
Q

wilson’s disease serum findings

A

low serum copper and low serum ceruloplasmin

low ceruloplasmin implies abnormal copper handling- wilsons

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21
Q

palpable lymph node - left supraclavicular

A

troisier sign

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22
Q

what is metaplasia

A

1 cell type > another

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23
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal cells within tissue/organ

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24
Q

poorly controlled UC can lead to what subtype of malignancy?

A

adenocarcinoma

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25
Q

what structure represent weak point in bowel wall?
lead to formation of diverticula

A

taenia colia

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26
Q

dilated veins commonly found in oesphagus associated with portal hypertension

A

varices

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27
Q

regenerating mucosa which project into lumen of bowel

visualised in colonoscopy of pt with UC?

A

pseudopolyp

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28
Q

non-caseating granuloma seen in IBD?

A

Crohn’s

29
Q

what does CEA stand for?

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

30
Q

what protein in stool presence of intestinal inflammation?

A

calprotectin

  • increased intraluminal neutrophil
  • sign of IBD
31
Q

honeycomb lung?

SOB,dry cough

A

interstitial lung disease

32
Q

oat shaped cells on biopsy - what cancer?

A

small cell lung cancer

33
Q

in UK most common lung cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

34
Q

positive signet ring sign - HRCT
bronchial wall thickening

A

bronchiectasis

35
Q

what enzyme released by neutrophils causes development of emphysema in lungs?

what inhibits this?

A

neutrophil elastase

alpha 1 antitrypsin

36
Q

what makes up COPD?

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

37
Q

restrictive picture on spirometry?

A

reduced FEV1
reduced FVC
normal FEV1/FVC ratio

38
Q

tram track opacities on xray
CF - colonised with pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

bronchiectasis

39
Q

ix of pulmonary fibrosis?

A

lung function test
spirometry - restrictive pattern

CXR - normal

high resolution lung CT
> honeycombing and ground glass opacities

40
Q

lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome is associated with?

A

SCLC

41
Q

what does SCLC produce that causes the paraneoplastic Cushing syndrome?

A

ACTH

42
Q

most common cancer men

A

prostate
lung
bowel

43
Q

most common cancer women

A

breast
lung
bowel
uterus

44
Q

post infection nephritis?

A

post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

45
Q

prostate cancer scoring system

A

gleason

46
Q

what intracerebral tumour is MEN type 1 associated with?

A

pituitary adenoma

47
Q

types of testicular tumours?

A

seminoma (most common)
teratoma (LDh.bhcg, afp)
yolk sac tumour

48
Q

what is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis
that affects the eye ?

how to best investigate this?

A

MRI brain and optic nerves
to investigate optic neuritis

49
Q

alport is inherited how?

A

x linked

affects kidneys and ears
more common in men

nephritis
deafness
eye disorder

50
Q

new st elevation
normal troponin?

A

myocardial infarction as troponin takes time to be diagnostic - 4 hours minimum

51
Q

what is the treatment for metastatic high grade prostate cancer?

A

mets probably to bone, bladder

gleason score >8

docetaxel based chemo
anti-androgen therapy BICALUMATAMIDE

52
Q

lucid interval followed by LOC suggests what on the background of TBI?

A

extradural haemorrhage

53
Q

suspected renal cancer
‘ neoplastic cells with transparent cytoplasm. Cell arranged in nest’s with intervening blood vessels’

A

clear cell cancer

54
Q

suspected renal cancer
‘ neoplastic cells with transparent cytoplasm. sheet of large cells with distinct cell borders seen’

A

chromophobe

55
Q

Clinical Assessment and Imaging are two parts of the “Triple Assessment” for suspected breast malignancy.

What is the final component of Triple Assessment?

A

histology

56
Q

first line chemo drug for prostate cancer?

A

docetaxel

57
Q

Extradural haemorrhage - damage to which vessel?

A

middle meningeal artery

58
Q

fasting blood glucose values above whatis diagnostic of diabetes?

A

7

59
Q

_____ are typically soft, systolic murmurs heard best at the left lower sternal edge.

A

Flow murmurs

hyperdynamic cicrulations ; pregnancy, anaemia, severe blood loss

60
Q

waxy casts in urine- associated with?

A

ckd
> breakdown of kidney tissue; indicates severe damage

61
Q

what organism is commonly associated with HUS?

A

escherichia coli

62
Q

surgical option for prostate cancer?

A

radical prostatectomy

63
Q

Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules found in a renal biopsy are associated with

A

Diabetes

64
Q

Thickened glomerular basement membrane, scarring, and antibody complex and complement deposits.

nephrotic syndrome subtype?

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

65
Q

Persistent ST elevation post myocardial infarction- no chest pain?

A

ventricular aneurysm

> ventricular free wall rupture and eath
cardiac MRI/echo

66
Q

recent history of a sore throat, a non-blanching rash over his legs, and presents with nephritic syndrome and cola coloured urine

A

IgA nephropathy

67
Q

v1 and V2 show which aspect of the heart?

A

anteroseptal

68
Q
A

Year 5 Histopath (11 decks)

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