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DDx > Medgeeks Clinical Lab Guide > Flashcards

Medgeeks Clinical Lab Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Once a urine specimen is collected, what is the first thing that should be assessed?

A

Odor and color of the urine sample

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2
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: cloudy

A 
Pathology:
-Phosphaturia
-Pyuria
-Chyluria
-Lipiduria
-Hyperoxaluria
Food and drug causes
-Diet high in purine-rich foods (hyperuricosuria)
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3
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: brown

A 
Pathology:
-Bile pigments
-Myoglobin
Food and drug causes
-Fava beans
-Levodopa
-Metronidazole
-Nitrofurantoin
-Some antimalarial agents
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4
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: brownish-black

A 
Pathology:
-Bile pigments
-Melanin
-Methemoglobin
Food and drug causes:
-Cascara
-Levodopa
-Methyldopa
-Senna
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5
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: green or blue

A 
Pathology:
-Pseudomonal UTI
-Biliverdin
Food and drug causes:
-Amitriptyline
-Indigo carmine
-IV cimetidine
-IV promethazine
-Methylene blue
-Triamterene
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6
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: orange

A 
Pathology:
-Bile pigments
Food and drug causes:
-Phenothiazines
-Phenazopyridine
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7
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: red

A 
Pathology:
-Hematuria
-Hemoglobinuria
-Myoglobinuria
-Porphyria
Food and drug causes:
-Beets
-Blackberries
-Rhubarb
-Phenolphthalein
-Rifampin
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8
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: yellow

A 
Pathology:
-Concentrated urine
Food and drug causes:
-Carrots
-Cascara
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9
Q

Common causes of cloudy urine

A

Pyuria

Phosphate crystals

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10
Q

Medical conditions that cause odor in urine

A 
Fruity or sweet- diabetic ketoacidosis
Ammonia- urine sample has been held in the bladder for an extensive period of time
Pungent odor- UTI
Fecal odor- intestinal-urologic fistula
Sulfur smell- cysteine decomposition
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11
Q

Bilirubin false positives in urine

A

Phenazopyridine

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12
Q

Bilirubin false negatives in urine

A

Chlorpromazine

Selenium

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13
Q

Blood false positives in urine

A 
Dehydration
Exercise
Hemoglobinuria
Menstrual blood
Myoglobinuria
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14
Q

Blood false negatives in urine

A 
Captopril
Elevated specific gravity
pH < 5.1
Proteinuria
Vit C
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15
Q

Glucose false positives in urine

A

Ketones

Levodopa

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16
Q

Glucose false negatives in urine

A

Elevated specific gravity
Uric acid
Vit C

17
Q

Ketones false positives in urine

A 
Acidic urine
Elevated specific gravity
Mesna
Phenolphthalein
Some drug metabolites
18
Q

Ketones false negatives in urine

A

Delay in examination of urine

19
Q

Leukocyte esterase false positives in urine

A

Contamination

20
Q

Leukocyte esterase false negatives in urine

A 
Elevated specific gravity
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
Proteinuria
Some oxidizing drugs
Nitrofurantoin
Tetracycline
Vit C
21
Q

Nitrites false positives in urine

A

Contamination
Exposure of dipstick to air
Phenazopyridine

22
Q

Nitrites false negatives in urine

A 
Elevated specific gravity
Elevated urobilinogen levels
Nitrate reductase-negative bacteria
pH < 6.0
Vit C
23
Q

Protein false positives in urine

A

Alkaline or concentrated urine
Phenazopyridine
Quaternary ammonia compounds

24
Q

Protein false negatives in urine

A

Acidic or dilute urine

Primary protein is not albumin

25
Q

Specific gravity false positives in urine

A

Dextran solutions
IV radiopaque dyes
Proteinuria

26
Q

Specific gravity false negatives in urine

A

Alkaline urine

27
Q

Urobilinogen false positives in urine

A

Elevated nitrite levels

Phenazopyridine

28
Q

What does a specific gravity in urine tell?

A

Tells us about the pt’s hydration

29
Q

If the specific gravity of urine is < 1.010

A

The pt is well hydrated

30
Q

If the specific gravity of urine is >1.020

A

The pt is relatively dehydrated

31
Q

What can increased specific gravity indicate?

A

Excess sugar or glucose in the urine related to uncontrolled diabetes, or DKA
SIADH

32
Q

Causes of decreased urinary specific gravity

A

Diabetes insipidus
Adrenal insufficiency
Hyperaldosteronism

DDx (5 decks)

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