Medgeeks Clinical Lab Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Once a urine specimen is collected, what is the first thing that should be assessed?

A

Odor and color of the urine sample

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2
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: cloudy

A
Pathology:
-Phosphaturia
-Pyuria
-Chyluria
-Lipiduria
-Hyperoxaluria
Food and drug causes
-Diet high in purine-rich foods (hyperuricosuria)
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3
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: brown

A
Pathology:
-Bile pigments
-Myoglobin
Food and drug causes
-Fava beans
-Levodopa
-Metronidazole
-Nitrofurantoin
-Some antimalarial agents
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4
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: brownish-black

A
Pathology:
-Bile pigments
-Melanin
-Methemoglobin
Food and drug causes:
-Cascara
-Levodopa
-Methyldopa
-Senna
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5
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: green or blue

A
Pathology:
-Pseudomonal UTI
-Biliverdin
Food and drug causes:
-Amitriptyline
-Indigo carmine
-IV cimetidine
-IV promethazine
-Methylene blue
-Triamterene
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6
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: orange

A
Pathology:
-Bile pigments
Food and drug causes:
-Phenothiazines
-Phenazopyridine
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7
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: red

A
Pathology:
-Hematuria
-Hemoglobinuria
-Myoglobinuria
-Porphyria
Food and drug causes:
-Beets
-Blackberries
-Rhubarb
-Phenolphthalein
-Rifampin
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8
Q

Common causes of abnormal urine coloration: yellow

A
Pathology:
-Concentrated urine
Food and drug causes:
-Carrots
-Cascara
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9
Q

Common causes of cloudy urine

A

Pyuria

Phosphate crystals

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10
Q

Medical conditions that cause odor in urine

A
Fruity or sweet- diabetic ketoacidosis
Ammonia- urine sample has been held in the bladder for an extensive period of time
Pungent odor- UTI
Fecal odor- intestinal-urologic fistula
Sulfur smell- cysteine decomposition
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11
Q

Bilirubin false positives in urine

A

Phenazopyridine

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12
Q

Bilirubin false negatives in urine

A

Chlorpromazine

Selenium

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13
Q

Blood false positives in urine

A
Dehydration
Exercise
Hemoglobinuria
Menstrual blood
Myoglobinuria
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14
Q

Blood false negatives in urine

A
Captopril
Elevated specific gravity
pH < 5.1
Proteinuria
Vit C
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15
Q

Glucose false positives in urine

A

Ketones

Levodopa

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16
Q

Glucose false negatives in urine

A

Elevated specific gravity
Uric acid
Vit C

17
Q

Ketones false positives in urine

A
Acidic urine
Elevated specific gravity
Mesna
Phenolphthalein
Some drug metabolites
18
Q

Ketones false negatives in urine

A

Delay in examination of urine

19
Q

Leukocyte esterase false positives in urine

A

Contamination

20
Q

Leukocyte esterase false negatives in urine

A
Elevated specific gravity
Glycosuria
Ketonuria
Proteinuria
Some oxidizing drugs
Nitrofurantoin
Tetracycline
Vit C
21
Q

Nitrites false positives in urine

A

Contamination
Exposure of dipstick to air
Phenazopyridine

22
Q

Nitrites false negatives in urine

A
Elevated specific gravity
Elevated urobilinogen levels
Nitrate reductase-negative bacteria
pH < 6.0
Vit C
23
Q

Protein false positives in urine

A

Alkaline or concentrated urine
Phenazopyridine
Quaternary ammonia compounds

24
Q

Protein false negatives in urine

A

Acidic or dilute urine

Primary protein is not albumin

25
Specific gravity false positives in urine
Dextran solutions IV radiopaque dyes Proteinuria
26
Specific gravity false negatives in urine
Alkaline urine
27
Urobilinogen false positives in urine
Elevated nitrite levels | Phenazopyridine
28
What does a specific gravity in urine tell?
Tells us about the pt's hydration
29
If the specific gravity of urine is < 1.010
The pt is well hydrated
30
If the specific gravity of urine is >1.020
The pt is relatively dehydrated
31
What can increased specific gravity indicate?
Excess sugar or glucose in the urine related to uncontrolled diabetes, or DKA SIADH
32
Causes of decreased urinary specific gravity
Diabetes insipidus Adrenal insufficiency Hyperaldosteronism