Medecine Flashcards
What were the supernatural explanations of disease were there in the Middle Ages?
Miasma
God sent disease
What rational explanations of disease were there in the Middle Ages?
The 4 humours
Theory of opposites
What were galen’s main ideas?
Theory of the opposites
Pigs and apes have the same anatomy as humans
What were Hippocrates main ideas?
4 humours
Clinical observation
How was disease prevented in the Middle Ages?
Quarantine
Mass graves
Prayer
Diet and exersice
How was disease treated in the Middle Ages?
Blood letting
Purging
Prayer
Herbal remedies
How did hospitals treat people in the Middle Ages?
Beds face towards crucifix
Prayer
Admissions to travellers
Didn’t take in sick( believed you sinned)
How was disease treated in the community (poor) in the Middle Ages?
Apothecaries
Physicians
Wise women
How was the Black Death treated
Blood letting
Purging
Lancing beuboles
How was the Black Death prevented?
Quarantine
Plague pits
Flagellation
What ideas about disease from the Middle Ages continued in the renaissance?
Miasma
God sent disease
4 Humours
Theory of Opposites
What new ideas in the renaissance were put forward by Thomas Sydenham?
Don’t rely on 4 humours (he studied malaria)
Different diseases have different causes
Importance of classifying the importance of disease
Observations Medicae book
How did the printing press help medicine in the renaissance?
Communicated ideas more widely
Weakened control of church
Spread new medical books (Fabrics)
How did the Royal Society help medicine? (Renaissance)
Protected scientists And doctors from church
Royal charter
Encouraged new scientific ideas
How did Vesalius change medical training? ( Renaissance)
Public live dissections
Questioned Galen
Weakened Galen’s influence
Proved over 200 mistakes of Galen
How did William Harvey improve ideas about anatomy in the renaissance?
Discovered Blood circulation
Discovered role of valves
Proved Galens ideas about blood were wrong (blood produced in liver)
Why were the ideas of Versailles and Harvey of only limited use?
Applied Anatomy not the cause of disease.
Offered no new treatments
Where new ideas were used to prevent and treat the plague in 1665?
Killing cats and dogs
Bills of mortality (list of dead people)
Sweeping the streets
What ideas were still being used from the Middle Ages to prevent and Treat the Black Death?
Quarantine
Mass graves
Popping beubules
What were Pasteurs new ideas about disease? (1700-1900)
Germs caused decay
Germs could be killed if heated
Proved spontaneous generation wrong (germs came from within)
What were Kocks new ideas about disease? (1700-1900)
Germs causes disease (anthrax)
Dyes to study germs
Petri dishes to grow germs
How did nightingale change nursing and hospitals?
Wage (used to get paid in Gin)
Sanitation in hospitals
They now had training (nightingale school for nursing)
Nightingale believed in Miasma
How did anaesthetics (chloroform) and antiseptics (carbolic acid) change surgery 1840s?
Chloroform- gives greater control for surgeon
Less pain for patient
However a longer operation meant for more chance for infection
Antiseptics- Less infection
Made longer operations safer
However it was painful to use
How did Jenners work improve the prevention of smallpox? (1700-1900)
First ever vaccine
It was very successful
Saved 1000s of lives
Why were Jenner’s ideas not more successful?
He didn’t have a reason for why it worked
He was a country doctor
How did Pasteur develop Jenners ideas?
Explained why vaccine worked (weakened form)
Developed further vaccines
How did snow improve the understanding of cholera? 1840s
Proved it came from dirty water
Made govt aware
Importance of street pumps
Why was there opposition to snows attitudes?
The cost to fix
Laissez faire attitudes (lack of care for poor)
Why was the great stink important? (1856)
Proved to rich that sewage and cholera were big problems
Persuaded government to employ bazalgette.
What actions to stop cholera were eventually taken by the government?
Paid bazalgette to build sewer system
1875 public health act
What impact did the discovery of DNA (1953) have on disease prevention?
Proved some diseases were inherited
Human genome project
Improvement in diagnosis and treatments
How has technology improved diagnosis of disease?
X-rays- identifying and removing shrapnel
CT-scans- 3D images of cancerous Tumors
Blood and urine tests- identifying early signs of disease
How has the NHS (1948) improved treatment and care?
Increased number of hospitals
Free access to treatment
Better access to x-rays technology etc
How has the NHS improved disease prevention
Promotes healthy lifestyles
Free checkups
Vaccines for children
How has technology improved surgery?
Key hole surgery (cameras)
Robotic surgery (reduces trauma and recovery time)
How has government action helped to improve disease prevention?(Modern)
NHS
Lifestyle campaigns
Free vaccines for children
Why was Fleming important?
Discovered penicillium
Proved it caused minor infections
Recorded work in lancet
Why were Florey and chain important?
Developed penicillin
Tested on mice and humans
Mass produced in USA making it more available to wider public
How has science and technology improved the treatment of lung cancer
CT scans
Chemo
Radio therapy
How has government action reduced the spread of lung cancer
Banning smoking in public places
Change to packaging
Hard hitting adverts
