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Medecine Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the supernatural explanations of disease were there in the Middle Ages?

A

Miasma

God sent disease

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2
Q

What rational explanations of disease were there in the Middle Ages?

A

The 4 humours

Theory of opposites

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3
Q

What were galen’s main ideas?

A

Theory of the opposites

Pigs and apes have the same anatomy as humans

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4
Q

What were Hippocrates main ideas?

A

4 humours

Clinical observation

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5
Q

How was disease prevented in the Middle Ages?

A

Quarantine

Mass graves

Prayer

Diet and exersice

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6
Q

How was disease treated in the Middle Ages?

A

Blood letting

Purging

Prayer

Herbal remedies

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7
Q

How did hospitals treat people in the Middle Ages?

A

Beds face towards crucifix

Prayer

Admissions to travellers

Didn’t take in sick( believed you sinned)

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8
Q

How was disease treated in the community (poor) in the Middle Ages?

A

Apothecaries

Physicians

Wise women

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9
Q

How was the Black Death treated

A

Blood letting

Purging

Lancing beuboles

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10
Q

How was the Black Death prevented?

A

Quarantine

Plague pits

Flagellation

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11
Q

What ideas about disease from the Middle Ages continued in the renaissance?

A

Miasma

God sent disease

4 Humours

Theory of Opposites

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12
Q

What new ideas in the renaissance were put forward by Thomas Sydenham?

A

Don’t rely on 4 humours (he studied malaria)

Different diseases have different causes

Importance of classifying the importance of disease

Observations Medicae book

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13
Q

How did the printing press help medicine in the renaissance?

A

Communicated ideas more widely

Weakened control of church

Spread new medical books (Fabrics)

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14
Q

How did the Royal Society help medicine? (Renaissance)

A

Protected scientists And doctors from church

Royal charter

Encouraged new scientific ideas

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15
Q

How did Vesalius change medical training? ( Renaissance)

A

Public live dissections

Questioned Galen

Weakened Galen’s influence

Proved over 200 mistakes of Galen

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16
Q

How did William Harvey improve ideas about anatomy in the renaissance?

A

Discovered Blood circulation

Discovered role of valves

Proved Galens ideas about blood were wrong (blood produced in liver)

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17
Q

Why were the ideas of Versailles and Harvey of only limited use?

A

Applied Anatomy not the cause of disease.

Offered no new treatments

18
Q

Where new ideas were used to prevent and treat the plague in 1665?

A

Killing cats and dogs

Bills of mortality (list of dead people)

Sweeping the streets

19
Q

What ideas were still being used from the Middle Ages to prevent and Treat the Black Death?

A

Quarantine

Mass graves

Popping beubules

20
Q

What were Pasteurs new ideas about disease? (1700-1900)

A

Germs caused decay

Germs could be killed if heated

Proved spontaneous generation wrong (germs came from within)

21
Q

What were Kocks new ideas about disease? (1700-1900)

A

Germs causes disease (anthrax)

Dyes to study germs

Petri dishes to grow germs

22
Q

How did nightingale change nursing and hospitals?

A

Wage (used to get paid in Gin)

Sanitation in hospitals

They now had training (nightingale school for nursing)

Nightingale believed in Miasma

23
Q

How did anaesthetics (chloroform) and antiseptics (carbolic acid) change surgery 1840s?

A

Chloroform- gives greater control for surgeon
Less pain for patient
However a longer operation meant for more chance for infection

Antiseptics- Less infection
Made longer operations safer
However it was painful to use

24
Q

How did Jenners work improve the prevention of smallpox? (1700-1900)

A

First ever vaccine
It was very successful
Saved 1000s of lives

25
Q

Why were Jenner’s ideas not more successful?

A

He didn’t have a reason for why it worked

He was a country doctor

26
Q

How did Pasteur develop Jenners ideas?

A

Explained why vaccine worked (weakened form)
Developed further vaccines

27
Q

How did snow improve the understanding of cholera? 1840s

A

Proved it came from dirty water

Made govt aware

Importance of street pumps

28
Q

Why was there opposition to snows attitudes?

A

The cost to fix

Laissez faire attitudes (lack of care for poor)

29
Q

Why was the great stink important? (1856)

A

Proved to rich that sewage and cholera were big problems

Persuaded government to employ bazalgette.

30
Q

What actions to stop cholera were eventually taken by the government?

A

Paid bazalgette to build sewer system

1875 public health act

31
Q

What impact did the discovery of DNA (1953) have on disease prevention?

A

Proved some diseases were inherited

Human genome project

Improvement in diagnosis and treatments

32
Q

How has technology improved diagnosis of disease?

A

X-rays- identifying and removing shrapnel

CT-scans- 3D images of cancerous Tumors

Blood and urine tests- identifying early signs of disease

33
Q

How has the NHS (1948) improved treatment and care?

A

Increased number of hospitals

Free access to treatment

Better access to x-rays technology etc

34
Q

How has the NHS improved disease prevention

A

Promotes healthy lifestyles

Free checkups

Vaccines for children

35
Q

How has technology improved surgery?

A

Key hole surgery (cameras)

Robotic surgery (reduces trauma and recovery time)

36
Q

How has government action helped to improve disease prevention?(Modern)

A

NHS

Lifestyle campaigns

Free vaccines for children

37
Q

Why was Fleming important?

A

Discovered penicillium

Proved it caused minor infections

Recorded work in lancet

38
Q

Why were Florey and chain important?

A

Developed penicillin

Tested on mice and humans

Mass produced in USA making it more available to wider public

39
Q

How has science and technology improved the treatment of lung cancer

A

CT scans

Chemo

Radio therapy

40
Q

How has government action reduced the spread of lung cancer

A

Banning smoking in public places

Change to packaging

Hard hitting adverts

History (4 decks)

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