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Med Term > Med Term Chapter 5 Digestive System > Flashcards

Med Term Chapter 5 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A

(digestive tract) begins with the mouth and end with the anus.

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2
Q

The 4 functions of the gastrointestinal tract are:

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

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3
Q

Ingestion

A

food material is taken into the mouth.

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4
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

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5
Q

Enzymes

A

Chemicals that speed up a reaction between substances.

Enzymes are given names that end in -ase.

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6
Q

Amino acids

A

Small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested.

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7
Q

Glucose

A

Produced during digestion of complex sugar; Simple sugar.

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8
Q

Fatty acids

A

Substances produced when fats are digested.

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9
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fat molecules composed of 3 parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Triglycerides are a subgroup of lipid. Another lipid is cholesterol.

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10
Q

Digestion occurs: (Where)

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine.

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine (epithelium) into the bloodstream.

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12
Q

Elimination

A

Act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system the removal of indigestible materials as feces.

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13
Q

Feces

A

Solid waste; stool.

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14
Q

Palate

A

Roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.

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15
Q

Rugae

A

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

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16
Q

Uvula

A

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means bunch of grapes.

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17
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing.

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18
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing.

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19
Q

Papillae (sing: papilla)

A

Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation. Contain taste buds.

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20
Q

Tonsils

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes. On both sides of the oropharynx.

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21
Q

Oropharynx

A

Part of the throat near the mouth.

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22
Q

Crown

A

Part of the tooth that shows above the gum line.

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23
Q

Root

A

Part of the tooth that is below the gum line within the bony tooth socket.

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24
Q

Enamel

A

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

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25
Q

Dentin

A

Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

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26
Q

Cementum

A

Covers, protects, and supports the dentin int he root.

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27
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place.

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28
Q

Pulp

A

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

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29
Q

Root canal

A

Also called the pulp canal; Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are within.

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30
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. 2 of each.

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31
Q

Saliva

A

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar.

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32
Q

Cytokines

A

Healing growth factors in saliva.

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33
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose. 5 inches.

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34
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. 9 to 10 inches.

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35
Q

Epiglottis

A

A cartilaginous flap of tissue that covers the trachea when swallowing occurs.

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36
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs.

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37
Q

Bolus

A

Mass of food

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38
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.

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39
Q

The 3 main parts of the stomach:

A

Fundus (Upper portion) (proximal)
Body (Middle section)
Antrum (Lower portion) (distal)

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40
Q

Sphincters

A

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

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41
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

A

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called the cardiac sphincter.

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42
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucus membrane.

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43
Q

Rugae in the stomach:

A

Increase surface area for digestion and contain digestive glands that produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

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44
Q

The stomach prepares food for the:

A

Small intestine.

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45
Q

Food leaves the stomach in:

A

1 to 4 hours or longer. (Depending on the amount and type of food)

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46
Q

Eso-

A

Inward

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47
Q

Phag/o

A

Swallowing

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48
Q

Peristalsis Rates in the GI tract:

A

Stomach, 0.5 to 2 hours
Small Intestine, 2 to 6 hours
Colon, 6 to 72 hours

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49
Q

-stalsis

A

constriction

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50
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gate keeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

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51
Q

Small intestine and it’s 3 parts.

A

(small bowel) 20 ft from pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

52
Q

duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine. Duo=2 den=10 measures 12 inches. recieves bile and pancreatic juices.

53
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Emulsifies large fat globules. Originally called gall. Composed of bile pigments, cholesterol and bile salts.

54
Q

liver

A

Large organ in RUQ of the abdomen. Secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins, produces blood proteins, destroys worn out RBC’s and filters out toxins. 2 1/2 to 3 lbs.

55
Q

jejunum

A

Second part of the small intestine. jejunus means empty because this part of the body is always empty after death.

56
Q

ileum

A

Third part of the small intestine. eilos, meaning twisted.

57
Q

villi

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the SI that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. Tiny capillaries blood vessels.

58
Q

large intestine

A

Extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.

59
Q

3 component of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon and rectum.

60
Q

cecum

A

First part of the LI

61
Q

The cecum connects with the ileum at the

A

ileocecal valve (sphincter)

62
Q

appendix

A

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (RLQ). Means ‘Hanging onto.’ No clear function and becomes inflamed or infected when blocked.

63
Q

colon

A

Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, descending transverse and sigmoid colon.

64
Q

4 segments of the colon

A

ascending, descending, transverse and sigmoid.

65
Q

Ascending colon

A

first part of the colon. extends from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver where it turns to the left and becomes the transverse colon.

66
Q

transverse colon

A

2nd part of the colon. passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward into the descending colon.

67
Q

descending colon

A

3 part of colon, starts at the splenic flexure and ends at the sigmoid colon.

68
Q

splenic flexure

A

first (upward) curve of colon

69
Q

hepatic flexure

A

second (downward) curve of the colon

70
Q

sigmoid colon

A

4th section of the colon, s shaped just before the rectum, empties into the rectum.

71
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine connection the end of the colon and the anus.

72
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

73
Q

The large intestine receives the (what) of digestion?

A

Fluid waste products of digestion, so the body can expel solid feces.

74
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

75
Q

Diarrhea results from…

A

reduced water absorption into the bloodstream through the walls of the large intestine.

76
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile.

77
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

jaundice

78
Q

The liver continuously releases

A

bile.

79
Q

hepatic duct

A

what the liver releases bile to

80
Q

cystic duct

A

leads to the gallbladder

81
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver

82
Q

common bile duct

A

hepatic and cystic duct after Y. Connects to stomach.

83
Q

pancreas

A

organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes.

84
Q

pancreatic duct

A

connects to pancreas.

85
Q

Important functions of the liver (6)

A 
producing bile
maintaining blood glucose levels
manufacturing blood proteins, especially ones for blood clotting
releasing bilirubin
removing toxins from the blood.
86
Q

portal vein

A

brings blood to the liver from the intestines.

87
Q

both an exocrine and an endocrine gland

A

pancreas, because it produces amylase, lipase, and protease, and it secretes insulin.

88
Q

amylase

A

enzyme to digest starch

89
Q

protease

A

enzyme to digest proteins

90
Q

lipase

A

fat

91
Q

glycogenolysis

A

when the liver converts stored glycogen back in to glucose.

92
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

liver converts proteins and fats in into glucose.

93
Q

an/o

A

anus

94
Q

appendo/o

A

appendix

95
Q

appendic/o

A

appendix

96
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

97
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

98
Q

celi/o

A

abdomen

99
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

100
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

101
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

102
Q

col/o

A

colon

103
Q

colon/o

A

colon

104
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

105
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

106
Q

enter/o

A

intestines usually small intestine

107
Q

anastomosis

A

any surgical connection between 2 parts.

108
Q

mesentery

A

part of the double fold of peritoneum that stretches around the organ in the abdomen.

109
Q

parenteral

A

apart from nutrition.

110
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric acid

111
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

112
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

113
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogen, animal starch

114
Q

lip/o

A

fat, lipid

115
Q

lith/o

A

stone

116
Q

prote/o

A

protein

117
Q

py/o

A

pus

118
Q

sial/o

A

saliva

119
Q

steat/o

A

fat

120
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

121
Q

-chezia

A

defication

122
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

123
Q

-prandial

A

meal

124
Q

etiology

A

study of cause

125
Q

idi/o

A

unknown

126
Q

when the etiology is not understood, the condition is

A

idiopathic

Med Term (4 decks)

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