Med- Surge: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What side of the body is the heart located?

A

The heart is located in the left side of the mediastinum.

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2
Q

How many layers are the heart are there?

A

3 layers.

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3
Q

Epicardium?

A

The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart.

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4
Q

Myocardium?

A

The myocardium is the middle layer and is the actual contracting muscle of the heart.

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5
Q

Endocardium?

A

The endocardium is the innermost layer and lines the inner chambers and heart valves.

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6
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

Encases and protects the heart from trauma and infection.

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7
Q

How many heart chambers are there?

A

4

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8
Q

What is the job of the right atrium of the heart?

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

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9
Q

What is the job of the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

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10
Q

What is the job of the left atrium?

A

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via 4 pulmonary veins.

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11
Q

What is the job of the left ventricle?

A

The left ventricle is the largest and most muscular chamber; it receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the left atrium and pumps blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta.

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12
Q

How many valves are in the heart?

A

4

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13
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

2 atrioventricular valves, the tricuspid and the mitral.

2 semilunar valves, the pulmonic and the aortic.

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14
Q

What is the job of the atrioventricular valve?

A

The atrioventricular valves close at the beginning of ventricular contraction and prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles; these valves open when the ventricles relax.

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15
Q

What is the job of the semilunar valves?

A

The semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during relaxation; they open during ventricular contraction and close when the ventricles begin to relax.

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16
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node: what is it?

A

The main pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat

17
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node: where is it?

A

It is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

18
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node: how does the SA node work?

A

The SA node generates electrical impulses at 60 to 100 times per minute and is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

19
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node: where is it located?

A

Located in the lower aspect of the atrial septum

20
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node: what does it do?

A

Receives electrical impulses from the SA node.

21
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node: if the SA node fails what happens to the AV node?

A

If the SA node fails, the AV node can initiate and sustain a heart rate of 40 to 60 beats per minute.

22
Q

The Bundel of HIS: What is it?

A

A continuation of the AV node; located at the interventricular septum; it bascially branches out and covers more ground arounfd the heart.

23
Q

Purkinje fibers: main job?

A

Purkinje fibers can act as the pacemaker with a rate between 20 and 40 beats per minute when higher pacemakers (such as the SA and AV nodes) fail.