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ATI NCLEX > Med-Surg > Flashcards

Med-Surg Flashcards

1
Q

Angina Precipitating Factors

A

4 E’s
-Exertion (physical activity and exercise)
-Eating
-Emotional distress
-Extreme temperatures (hot or cold weather)

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2
Q

Arterial Occlusion

A

4 P’s
-Pain
-Pulseness (absent pulse)
-Pallor
-Paresthesia

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3
Q

Congestive Heart Failure Treatment

A

MADD DOG

Morphine
Aminophylline
Digoxin
Dopamine

Diuretics
Oxygen
Gasses (monitor ABGs)

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4
Q

Heart Murmur Causes

A

SPASM

Stenosis of a valve
Partial obstruction
Aneurysms
Septal defect
Mitral regurgitation

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5
Q

Heart Valves

A

All People Enjoy Time Magazine

Aortic (Right 2nd IC space)
Pulmonic (L 2nd IC space)
Ebb’s Point (L 3rd IC space)
Tricuspid (L 4th IC space)
Mitral/Apex (L 5th IC space)

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6
Q

Hypertension Care

A

DIURETIC

Daily weight
Intake and output
Urine output
Response of blood pressure
Electrolytes
Take pulse
Ischemic episodes or TIAs
Complications (CVA, CAD, CHF, CRF)

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7
Q

Shortness of Breath (SOB) Causes

A

4A’s and 4 P’s

Airway obstruction
Angina
Anxiety
Asthma

Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolus

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8
Q

Stroke Signs

A

FAST

Face
Arms
Speech
Time

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9
Q

Compartment Syndrome S/Sx

A

5 P’s

Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Pressure increased
Paresthesia

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10
Q

Shock S/Sx

A

CHORD ITEM

Cold, clammy skin
Hypotension
Oliguria
Rapid, shallow breathing
Drowsiness/confusion

Irritability
Tachycardia
Elevated or reduced central venous pressure
Multi-organ damage

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11
Q

Hypoglycemia Signs

A

TIRED

Tachycardia
Irritability
Restlessness
Excessive hunger
Depression and diaphoresis

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12
Q

Hypocalcemia S/Sx

A

CATS

Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Stridor and spasms

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13
Q

Hypokalemia S/Sx

A

6 L’s

Lethargy
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low, shallow respirations
Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias
Lots of urine (polyuria)

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14
Q

Hypertension Complications

A

The 4 C’s

Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
Cardiovascular accident (CVA) (Brain attack or stroke)

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15
Q

Traction Patient Care

A

TRACTION

Temperature of extremity is assessed for signs of infection
Ropes hang freely
Alignment of body and injured area
Circulation check (5P’s)
Type and location of fracture
Increase fluid intake
Overhead trapeze
No weights on bed or floor

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16
Q

Cancer Early Warning Signs

A

CAUTION UP

Change in bowel or bladder
A lesion that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious changes in wart or mole
Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness

Unexplained weight loss
Pernicious anemia

17
Q

Leukemia S/Sx

A

ANT

Anemia and decreased hemoglobin
Neutropenia and increased risk of infection
Thrombocytopenia and increased risk of bleeding

18
Q

Clients who require Dialysis

A

AEIOU (The vowels)

Acid-base imbalance
Electrolyte imbalance
Intoxication
Overload of fluids
Uremic symptoms

19
Q

Asthma Management

A

ASTHMA

Adrenergic (Albuterol and other bronchodilators)
Steroids
Theophylline
Hydration (Intravenous fluids)
Mask (O2 therapy)
Antibiotics (for associated respiratory infections)

20
Q

Hypoxia

A

RAT (signs of early)
Restlessness
Anxiety
Tachycardia and tachypnea

BED (signs of late)
Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea

21
Q

Pneumothorax Signs

A

P-THORAX

Pleuritic pain
Tracheal deviation
Hyper-resonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (and dyspnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapsed lung

22
Q

Transient Incontinence Causes

A

DIAPERS

Delirium
Infection
Atrophic urethra
Pharmaceuticals and psychological
Excess urine output
Restricted mobility
Stool impaction

23
Q

Constipation

A

Difficult or infrequent passage of stools, which may be hard and dry

Causes: irregular bowel habits, psychologic factors, inactivity, chronic laxative use or abuse, obstruction, medications, and inadequate consumption of fiber and fluid

Treatment: Encourage exercise and a diet high in fiber and promoting adequate fluid intake may help alleviate symptoms

24
Q

Dysphagia

A

Alteration in the client’s ability to swallow –> places client at increased risk of aspiration

Causes include:
Obstruction. Inflammation, Edema, Certain neurological disorders

25
Q

Dysphagia Patient Care

A

Modify texture of foods and the consistency of liquids
Place client upright or high-Fowler’s to facilitate swallowing
Provide oral care prior to eating to enhance sense of taste
Allow adequate time for eating
Use adaptive eating devices
Encourage small bites and thorough chewing
Avoid thin liquids and sticky foods

26
Q

Dumping Syndrome

A

Complication of gastric surgeries that inhibit the ability of the pyloric sphincter to control the movement of food into the small intestine

S/Sx: nausea, distention, cramping pains, and diarrhea within 15 min after eating

Weakness, dizziness, a rapid heartbeat, and hypoglycemia may occur

27
Q

Dumping Syndrome Patient Care

A

Small, frequent meals
Consumption of protein and fat at eat meal is indicated
Avoid concentrated sugars
Restrict lactose intake
Consume liquids 1 hour before or after eating instead of with meals (a dry diet)

28
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Indigestion and heartburn from the back flow of acidic gastric juices onto the mucosa of the lower esophagus

29
Q

GERD patient care

A

Encourage weight loss for overweight clients
Avoid large meals and bedtime snacks
Avoid trigger foods (citrus fruits and juices, spicy foods, and carbonated beverages)
Avoid items that reduce lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure (alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, fatty foods, peppermint and spearmint flavors, and cigarette smoking

30
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A

An erosion of the mucosal layer of the shoulder or duodenum

May be caused by a bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori or the chronic use of NSAIDs

31
Q

PUD patient care

A

Avoid eating frequent meals and snacks (they promote increased gastric acid secretion)

Avoid alcohol, cigarette smoking, aspirin, and other NSAIDs, coffee, black pepper, spicy foods, and caffeine

32
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Results from an inadequate supply of lactase, the enzyme that digests lactose

Symptoms: distention, cramps, flatus, and diarrhea

Clients should be encouraged to avoid or limit foods high in lactose (milk, sour cream, cheese, cream soups, coffee creamer. chocolate, ice cream, and puddings)

33
Q

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis patient care

A

May be prevented by a high fiber diet, which produces stools that are easy to pass and decrease pressure within the colon

During acute diverticulitis, a low-fiber diet is prescribe to reduce bowel stimulation

Avoid foods with seeds or husks

Client education regarding diet adjustment based on need for acute intervention or prevention

34
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder (which stores and releases bile that aids in digestion of fats)

35
Q

Cholecystitis patient education

A

Fat intake should be limited to reduce stimulation of gallbladder

Other foods that may case problems: coffee, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, onions, legumes, and highly seasoned foods

Diet may be individualized to client’s needs and tolerance

36
Q

Pre-End Stage Renal Disease (Pre-ESRD)

A

Diminished renal reserve/renal insufficiency (a pre-dialysis condition), characterized by an increase in serum creatinine

37
Q

Goals of Pre-ESRD Nutritional Therapy

A

Preserve remaining renal function by limiting protein and phosphorus (contributes to calcium and phosphorus deposits in kidneys) intake
Control blood glucose levels and HTN (both are risk factors)
Protein restriction (slows progression, but too little protein results in breakdown of body protein
Limit date to 1/2 cup per day
Limit high-phosphorus foods (peanut butter, dried peas and beans, cola, chocolate, beer, some whole grains)
Restrict sodium intake
Use vitamin and mineral supplements only when recommended by provider

38
Q
A

ATI NCLEX (3 decks)

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