Med Path

Question 1

Anascarca

Ascites

Answer 1

Severe and generalized edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling

Hydroperitoneum

Question 2

What is very common cause hypoperfusion of kidney?

Answer 2

CHF

Question 3

Transudate

Purulent

Answer 3

Protein poor (usually pressure)

Rich in cells

Question 4

Causes of reduced plasma osmotic pressure

Answer 4

Nephortic syndrome (leaky kidney)

Severe liver disease (e.g. cirrhosis)

Malnutrition

Protein-losing gastroenteropathy

Question 5

Elephantiasis

Answer 5

A limb or other part of the body becomes grossly enlarged due to obstruction of the lymphatic vessels

Question 6

Dependent edema

Pitting edema

Answer 6

Dependent - influcenced by gravity

Pressure leaves displaced fluid

Question 7

Where do edema often is manifested?

Answer 7

In loose connective tissue matrix (e.g. periorbital edema)

Question 8

Lymphatic obstruction edema causes

Answer 8

Inflammatory

Neoplastic

Postsurgical

Postirradiation

Question 9

Increased hydrostatic pressure edema

Answer 9

Impaired venous return: CHF, constrictive pericarditis, ascites (liver cirrhosis), venous obstruction

Arteriolar dilation: heat, nerohymoral dyregulation

Question 10

Hyperemia

Answer 10

Excess of blood

Question 11

Active or Passive?

Hyperemia

Congestion

Answer 11

Hyperemia – Active process = increased blood flow

Congestion – Passive process = reduced outflow of blood

Question 12

What is the resut of long-standing chronic passive congestion?

Answer 12

Chronic hypoxia leading to ischemic tissue injury and scarrying

Question 13

petechiae

purpura

ecchymoses

Answer 13

1-2 mm hemorrhages – low platelet, local increased intravascular pressure

3mm+ – secondary to trauma, vascular inflammation, increased vascular fragility

1-2cm (bruises) – subcutaneous hematomas

Question 14

Antithrombotic properties

Answer 14

ANTITHROMBOTIC

Antiplatelet: prostacyclin and nitric oxide, adenosine diphosphatase

Anticogulant: heparin-like molecules, thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Fibrinolytic effects: tissue-type plasminogen activator t-PA (plasminogen->plasmin)

PROTHROMBOTIC

Platelet: vWF

Procoagulant effect: tissue factors

Antifibrinolytic effects: inhibitors of plasminogen activator (PAIs)

Question 15

Prothrombin time (PT)

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Answer 15

PT – function of the proteins in the extrinsic pathway

PTT – intrinsic pathway

Question 16

Types of shock

Answer 16

Cardiogenic

Hypovolemic

Septic