med anthropology exam 2

Question 1

why study growth

Answer 1

child growth is an indicator of population health

Question 2

tool to monitor the health of a population or to pinpoint subgroups of a population whose share in economic and social benefits is less than it might be

Answer 2

a well-designed growth study

Question 3

factors that influence growth

Answer 3

nutrition, disease, physical environment, social environment

Question 4

genotype

Answer 4

heritable information (genes) carried by an individual

Question 5

phenotype

Answer 5

expression of the interaction between genotype and environment

Question 6

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 6

ability to adjust somatic, behavioral, or physiological traits in response to interaction with the environment

Question 7

human life history stages

Answer 7

gestation, infancy, childhood (juvenile period, adolescence, adulthood, old age (senscence)

Question 8

childhood/juvenile period age

Answer 8

3 years to 10-12

Question 9

infancy definition

Answer 9

birth though weaning; includes neonatal and postnatal stages

Question 10

life history

Answer 10

the sequence of events related to survival and reproduction that occur from birth and through death

Question 11

life history theory

Answer 11

a field in evolutionary biology that explains the timing of these events as a product of natural selection

Question 12

life history traits

Answer 12

development (growth pattern), reproductive events (age at reproduction, number of offspring), mortality (lifespan)

Question 13

variation in life history traits determined by

Answer 13

environmental unpredictability, mortality rates

Question 14

first trimester

Answer 14

genetic abnormalities and certain infectious diseases can result in spontaneous abortion

Question 15

second trimester

Answer 15

rapid skeletal growth, weight gain, fat deposition of the fetus; maturation of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and circulatory systems

Question 16

what can result in decreased birth weight

Answer 16

undernutrition, infection or stress

Question 17

third trimester

Answer 17

rapid growth in weight and deposition of fat; final maturation of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and circulatory systems

Question 18

birth weight– stabilizing selection

Answer 18

average weight has highest survival probability

Question 19

lower birth weight

Answer 19

reduced probability of offspring survival, increased maternal condition

Question 20

higher birth weight

Answer 20

increased probability of offspring survival (except at extreme weight), decreased maternal survival, ability to care for existing children, chances of reproducing again