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ANTH 243 > final study > Flashcards

final study Flashcards

1
Q

causal agent

A

microorganisms that use a host’s resources to reproduce, resulting in an immune response or physiological disruption

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2
Q

host

A

organism that is the target of an infecting action of a specific infectious agent

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3
Q

pathogen

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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4
Q

what are the major groups of pathogens that infect humans

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminths, prions (6 total)

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5
Q

what age group is most affected by infectious diseases?

A

neonatal (0-27 days) & postnatal (1-59 months)

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6
Q

zoonotic diseases (zoonosis/zoonoses)

A

infectious diseases caused by pathogens that spread between animals (usually vertebrates) and humans

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7
Q

virulence

A

the severity of a disease brought on by a pathogen

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8
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

a set of criteria that establish whether a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease
- Pathogen must always be found in persons with the disease
- Pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- The culture should cause the disease when introduced into a healthy individual
- Pathogen can be isolated from second individual and grown in culture

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9
Q

viruses

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by protein

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10
Q

obligate parasites

A

a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host

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11
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryotic organism (no nucleus)

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12
Q

how do bacteria reproduce

A

duplicating DNA and dividing

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13
Q

how many genera of bacteria and how many are known to cause disease in humans

A

400, 40

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14
Q

protozoa

A
  • Single-celled eukaryotic organisms (has a cell nucleus) - Able to evade host’s immune defenses
  • Infections are difficult to treat and symptoms may be chronic because their cellular structures are similar to host mammal
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15
Q

vectors

A

any agent which carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism

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16
Q

fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic organisms (have a cell nucleus)
  • 70,000 species, though only a few are harmful to humans
  • Low virulence, unless host is immunocompromised
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17
Q

variability in fungi

A

yeasts, spores

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18
Q

Helminths (worms)

A

Multicellular organisms, difficult to treat, tough outer coatings

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19
Q

which helminths cause disease in humans

A

Roundworms, tapeworms, flukes

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20
Q

transmission of helminths through…

A

Intermediate hosts and water, soil, food

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21
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins
- Unclear how they replicate: no RNA or DNA

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
- Humans:
– Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
– Kuru
- Non-human:
–Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
– Scrapie

Transmission
- Exposure to brain tissue and spinal cord fluid from infected individuals
- Untreatable and fatal

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22
Q

Direct transmission

A

Epithelial cells– exploitation of most permeable part of host’s body
- Skin, reproductive tract, respiratory and digestive systems

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23
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Microbes are spread in mucus droplets that travel short distance (less than 1 meter)
- Coughing, sneezing

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24
Q

Vector-borne

A

Intermediate species or material that can take a pathogen from one host to another
- Insects, animals (zoonosis), food, water, fecal-oral, utensils, needles

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25
Q

Factors favoring selection for higher virulence – evolution of virulence (paul ewald)

A
  • Intermediary disease vectors
  • Transmission does not require host to be mobile
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26
Q

Factors favoring selection for lower virulence – evolution of virulence (paul ewald)

A
  • Causal human-to-human transmission
  • Transmission requires host to be mobile
  • Domesticating diseases requires disrupting modes of transmission, which will create conditions for the pathogen to evolve to mildness
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27
Q

First line defenses against pathogens

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
    – Cilia
    – Coughing and sneezing
    – Secretions of the skin and mucous membranes
    – Low pH of stomach acid
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28
Q

symptoms of pathogens

A
  • Vomiting and diarrhea; coughing and sneezing
  • Fever
  • Iron sequestering
    To treat or not to treat?
  • Individual comfort vs. evolutionary adaptation vs. public health
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29
Q

immune system functions

A
  1. recognize pathogen
  2. destroy pathogen
  3. communication between cells of the immune system to coordinate 1 and 2
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30
Q

how to identify “self” versus “non-self”

A

which cells require an immunological response and which do not

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31
Q

problems with “self/non-self dichotomy”

A
  • Many cells in the body are non-self and are not pathogenic
  • Many cells in the body are self and are pathogenic
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32
Q

criterion of continuity

A

Immune system recognizes strong discontinuities in molecular patterns, whether endogenous or exogenous origin

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33
Q

two interactive systems in human immunity

A

innate and adaptive

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34
Q

features of the innate system

A
  • quick response (minutes to hours)
  • broad recognition of pathogens
  • principle cells/recognition: phagocytes
  • secreted molecules: cytokines, histamine
  • disposal: phagocytosis
  • no memory
  • inborn
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35
Q

features of the adaptive system

A
  • responds slowly (days)
  • high specificity of recognition of pathogens
  • principle cells: lymphocytes, white blood cells, T cells, B cells
  • recognition: b-cell for extracellular, t-cell for intracellular
  • secreted molecules: antibodies (produced by b-cells), cytokines (produced by T-cells)
  • disposal: b-cells (antibody initiated or phagocytosis), t-cells (cytotoxic t-cells, helper t-cells via B-cell or macrophage activation
  • has a memory
  • acquired with exposures (vertebrates only)
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36
Q

recognition systems of the innate system

A

Macrophages (phagocytes) have cell surface receptors (epitopes) that have broad recognition for molecular patterns of pathogens

Macrophages engulf pathogens and destroy them through the process of phagocytosis

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37
Q

recognition system of the adaptive system

A

lymphocytes recognize specific epitopes in pathogens

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38
Q

epitope

A

sections of pathogen proteins that are identifiable as non-self
- system can remember 100 million epitopes

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39
Q

antigen

A

large molecule or cell with epitopes on its surface

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40
Q

adaptive immune system: mechanism of action

A

lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) recognizes a single epitope (part of antigen), proliferation occurs and lymphocytes also replicate in response to pathogen
- b-cells, t-cells, and memory cells play a role

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41
Q

b-cells

A

found in bone marrow, monitors extracellular spaces — (e.g. blood and other fluids)
- antibodies: immunoglobulins

b-cell recognizes antigen –> proliferation of antibody (Y-shape) –> antibody binds to antigen –> “labels” pathogen for destruction by other cells of the innate system

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42
Q

immunoglobulins

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

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43
Q

t-cells

A

recognizes intracellular pathogens through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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44
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

Molecules that move pieces of pathogenic proteins out to the surface of the cell where T-cells can recognize them
- T-cell with matching receptor binds to MHC + protein and marks for destruction
- Genes that code for MHC are most variable in human genome

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45
Q

destruction of pathogenic cells

A

Inflammation
- Mast cells release histamine, which increases permeability of blood vessels allowing greater access of immune cells to infected sites

Innate system
- Phagocytes (e.g. macrophages)

Adaptive system
- Cytotoxic-T-cells (viruses) and helper T-cells (stimulate macrophages and B-cells)

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46
Q

what happens when the immune system responds to non-threatening antigens

A

allergic immune response
- non-threatening antigens: allergens

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47
Q

hypotheses to explain atopic disease rates increasing over time and higher among industrialized populations

A

Hygiene and helminth/ “Old Friends” hypotheses

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48
Q

pathogen recognition and destruction: innate immune system

A
  • First immune response after pathogen has penetrated the body’s barrier defenses
  • Macrophages have surface cell receptors that have broad recognition for molecular patterns of pathogens
  • Macrophages engulf pathogens and destroy them through the process of phagocytosis
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49
Q

Pathogen recognition and destruction: Adaptive immune system; antibody-mediated immunity

A
  • B-cells floating in blood or other fluids directly recognize extracellular pathogens via antibodies on the B-cell surface
  • Each B-cell makes one kind of antibody that matches only one antigen
  • Binding of antigen to antibody results in B-cell activation

Proliferation of antibodies
- Antibodies can disable pathogen; or
- “Labeling” of pathogen for destruction of phagocytes (innate system)
- Production of memory B-cells to respond quickly with antibody if same pathogen encountered again

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50
Q

Pathogen recognition: adaptive immune system; cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cells recognize intracellular pathogens via antigen-presenting cells that contain Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
- MHC molecules move pieces of pathogenic proteins out to the surface of the cell where T-cells can recognize them
- T-cell with matching receptor binds to MHC + a pathogenic protein and depending on the pathogen:
- Cytotoxic T-cells destroy the pathogen containing cell; or
- Helper T-cells (TH1 or TH2) are produced which secrete cytokines to activate: Macrophages (TH1) and B-cells (TH2)

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51
Q

allergies + reaction

A

Immune system reaction to foreign substance in the environment that are harmless to most people (allergens)

Reaction:
- Mild: (coughing, sneezing, congestion, wheezing, vomiting, or diarrhea)
- Severe: (anaphylaxis)

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52
Q

allergen examples

A

Dander, mold, pollen, insect bites/stings, drugs, foods (peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs)

53
Q

asthma

A

Chronic disease of the branches of the windpipe (bronchial tubes), characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing

During an asthma attack, the lining of the bronchial tubes swells, causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs

54
Q

what triggers asthma

A

Indoor allergens
- (e.g. house dust, mites in bedding, carpets, stuffed furniture, pollution, and cat dander)

Outdoor allergens
- (e.g. pollen and molds)

Tobacco smoke
Chemical irritants in the workplace
Air pollution

55
Q

asthma stats

A
  • WHO estimates that 235 million people currently suffer from asthma
  • Asthma is the most noncommunicable disease among children
  • Most asthma-related deaths occur in low- and lower-middle income countries
  • Asthma is under-diagnosed and under-treated
56
Q

where is asthma prevalent

A

highest: UK
- Scotland, England, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, US are also high

57
Q

hygiene hypothesis

A

Improvements to hygiene result in fewer childhood diseases, altering the development of the immune system

Birth: TH2 (b-cells)
Older siblings: many infections (TH1 - macrophages)

No allergies: TH1
Allergies: still TH2
Only child: few infections

Exposure to pathogens that trigger TH1 responses → prevents TH2 responses from overreacting
Look at it like a two side scale with TH1 (intracellular pathogens) and TH2 (extracellular pathogens) on either side of the scale → increase in one will decrease the other

No exposure to TH1 stimuli → TH2 responses are left unchecked and atopic reactions can be triggered by harmless antigens

** Increased IgE production → greater number of TH2 **
Blood usually has a small amount of IgE antibodies, higher amounts can be a sign that the body overreacts to allergens, which can lead to an allergic reaction

58
Q

Helminth (“Old Friends”) Hypothesis

A

Reduced exposure to helminths may result in underdeveloped or overactive immune systems
- “Old Friends” – helminths have been evolving with humans for thousands of years

no helminths: IgE is left unchecked and will overreact to allergens

helminths present: TH2 response stimulated
- High “background” IgE levels
- Worms secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines to combat IgE

59
Q

The action of MHC molecules

A
  1. MHC transporter molecules pick up viral proteins in the infected cell
  2. MHC + protein transported to cell surface
  3. MHC + protein recognized by T-lymphocyte receptor; T-lymphocyte delivers “lethal hit”
60
Q

Vaccination

A

The administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

61
Q

Passive immunity

A

Uses pre-formed antibodies from other individuals

62
Q

Active immunity

A

Provokes the immune system to generate memory cells which provide long-term protection against pathogens
- Live attenuated (e.g. MMR) or inactive vaccines (e.g. Flu)
- Vaccines made from parts of pathogens (e.g. Hep B)
mRNA (e.g. COVID-19)
- Others

63
Q

Herd immunity

A

Indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune

64
Q

what groups of people cannot receive vaccinations

A
  • Infants
  • Immunocompromised
  • Allergic
65
Q

B-cell response to vaccination: primary response

A
  1. B-cell detects the antigen on the cell surface of the vaccine material (e.g. Attenuated measles virus)
  2. B-cells multiply creating clones
  3. B-cells become plasma cells (B-cells that produce antibodies) or memory B-cells
  4. Plasma B-cells secrete large amounts of antibodies and tag the vaccine material (e.g. attenuated measures virus) for destruction by other cells of the immune system
  5. The primary response takes place over several days
66
Q

B-cell response to vaccination: secondary response (during exposure to pathogen)

A

When a vaccinated individual is exposed to the pathogen to which they are vaccinated against:
1. the memory B cells very quickly recognize the antigen
2. Memory B-cells rapidly multiply
3. Memory B-cells develop into plasma cells and produce a large amount of antibody
4. Antibodies tag the pathogen for destruction by other cells of the immune system

67
Q

Partnering for Vaccine Equity (PAVE) Grant

A
  • Using a Health Equity framework– developing tools to reach the groups that have the lowest uptake and trying to learn why
  • Using the money to develop advertising campaigns to combat misperceptions and increase vaccine rates in the country
68
Q

Rapid Community Assessment

A

surveying members of underserved groups and interviewing community leaders about vaccine perceptions and opinions

69
Q

inequality

A

unequal access to opportunities

70
Q

equality

A

evenly distributed tools and assistance

71
Q

equity

A

custom tools that identify and address inequality

72
Q

justice

A

fixing the system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities

73
Q

Challenges in Vaccination

A
  • Demand has tapered off
  • Mixed messages from public health authorities, news, and doctors leading to hesitancy
  • Barriers– transportation, clinic hours, scarcity in rural areas
  • Trust in public health as a field and the local health department
74
Q

five vaccine personas (+ key barriers/targeted solution examples)

A
  1. the enthusiasts
    - key barrier: Appointment availability
    - targeted solution examples: Make it easy for them to get the vaccine
  2. the watchful
    - key barrier: Community norms, vaccine safety
    - targeted solution examples: Make it visible that others are vaccinated or intend to be
  3. the cost-anxious
    - key barrier: Financial cost, time, vaccine safety
    - targeted solution examples: Bring vaccines to people., offer paid time off
  4. the system distrusters
    - key barrier: Trust, access and inequity, vaccine safety
    - targeted solution examples: Listen and learn. Partner with trusted community organizations
  5. the COVID skeptics
    - key barrier: Deeply-held beliefs around COVID-19, vaccine safety
    - targeted solution examples: Don’t try to debunk. Enlist trusted figures to persuade
75
Q

tuberculosis

A

a highly infectious disease that primarily targets the lungs/respiratory systems

76
Q

major symptoms of TB

A

Coughing and shortness of breath
- Lasts three or more weeks
- Blood may be found in cough
Chest pain or pain with breathing or coughing
Weakness and fatigue
Chills, fever, night sweats
Unintentional loss of weight
- Loss of appetite

77
Q

Tuberculosis can be spread via:

A
  • Droplet transmission (coughs or sneezes from infected individuals)
  • “Sit and wait” → TB can survive on surfaces for months
78
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria)
- M. tuberculosis targets macrophages of the host immune system
- The pathogen may also stay “dormant” in the host

79
Q

Active TB

A

have symptoms, contagious
- Only 5-10% of those with the pathogen will develop active TB

80
Q

latent TB

A

asymptomatic, not contagious
- Most people with TB will stay in the dormant stage

81
Q

TB targets the most vulnerable members of a society

A
  • Individuals at a lower socioeconomic status
  • Individuals with co-infections with immune-compromising conditions (e.g. HIV)
  • Individuals facing extreme stress (e.g. refugees, migrants, etc)
  • Individuals in prison
82
Q

TB with hunters/gatherers

A
  • Small hunting/gathering groups → risky for a deadly pathogen
  • TB would stay in a dormant stage for decades
  • Old age or periods of famine → the tuberculosis pathogen would activate and spread to new hosts
83
Q

TB and agriculture

A
  • Human TB did not come from cattle
  • Increased stress from agriculture
  • Poor nutrition
  • Overcrowding
  • More susceptible hosts and competition from other pathogens → TB evolves to be more virulent
84
Q

Tuberculosis: Pre-antibiotics

A

Waves of TB swept throughout India, China, Greece, Rome, etc., for thousands of years

Classic “Period” of Tuberculosis:
- Massive numbers of deaths from 1600s-1800s
- “White plague” or consumption

Renovations to sanitation and improved nutrition led to a sharp decline in tuberculosis deaths
- 1900s: development of skin tests for detecting TB
- Sanitoriums → specialized hospitals, emphasis on “resting” and fresh air

85
Q

“Curing” Tuberculosis

A
  • Antibiotics first appeared around 1943

Treating TB requires multiple rounds of antibiotic “cocktails”:
- 6 months of daily first-line drugs
- Additional months of extra drugs

First-line drugs are harsh antibiotics and have severe side effects
- Expensive: $20,000+ per person
- Though many countries offer free treatment, there are still additional costs

86
Q

Multidrug-resistant TB

A

does not respond to the first-line drugs and must be treated with harsher, more expensive drugs
- Antibiotic resistance may occur when 6+ month treatment course isn’t completed

stats:
- WHO: upwards of 500,000 drug-resistant cases of TB per year
- WHO: only ¼ to ⅓ of those with MDR-TB have access to proper antibiotics

MDR-TB is extremely expensive
$500,000 - $800,000 per case
It also takes much longer to “cure”

87
Q

factors that might contribute to active TB

A
  1. iron deficiency and anemia
    - intestinal parasites consume blood, leads to iron deficiency and anemia
    - poor iron status weakens host
    - (intestinal parasites)
  2. immune dysregulation
    - intestinal parasites spark a competing immune reaction
    - the strain on the immune system keeps the body from fighting off M. tuberculosis
    - (intestinal parasites)
  3. alternative biocultural factors
    - poor socioeconomic status increases stress and limits resources (i.e. medical care, nutrition, adequate housing)
    - not receiving proper nutrition weakens host
    - poor SES can also increase risk for intestinal parasites
88
Q

measles transmission

A

spread through direct contact, droplet transmission, and can live on surfaces for up to 2 hours

89
Q

measles symptoms

A

High fever (10-12 days after exposure), runny nose, cough, watery eyes, small white spots on the inside cheeks (Koplik spots), and rash

90
Q

measles: morbidity and mortality

A
  • Complications include blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhea, ear infections, and pneumonia
  • Young children and those who are malnourished are most at risk
91
Q

New York State Immunization Laws for School Settings

A

Schools and Child Care Programs
- Every student entering or attending public, private or parochial school in New York State (NYS) is required by law to be immune to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, varicella and meningococcal.
- Every child in daycare, Head Start, nursery school or prekindergarten must be immune to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, varicella, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and pneumococcal disease

Colleges, Universities, and other Post-Secondary Institutions
- Students attending post-secondary institutions, who were born on or after January 1, 1957 and registered for 6 or more credit hours, must demonstrate proof of immunity against measles, mumps, and rubella. (SUNY also requires COVID-19).

92
Q

immune response to allergens

A
  • Th2 cells regulate the production of the antibody IgE
  • IgE binds to mast cells which release histamine; Coughing/sneezing/wheezing/vomiting/diarrhea
93
Q

Absolute poverty

A

based on subsistence, minimum standard needed to live
- Rowntree (1901): identified “poverty line” on the basis of minimum needs

94
Q

Relative poverty

A

based on a comparison of poor people with others in society

-Townsend (1962): “Poverty is a dynamic, not a static concept… Our general theory then, should be that individuals and families whose resources over time fall seriously short of the resources commanded by the average individual or family in the community in which the community in which they live… are in poverty”
- Orshannsy (1969): “poverty, like beauty, lies in the eyes of the beholder”

95
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

A composite measure that includes income, occupation, education, and housing conditions

96
Q

“SES gradient”

A

every step downward in SES correlated with poorer health
- Risk of some diseases vary 10-fold from highest vs. lowest SES category

97
Q

Poverty

A

measured as the share of the population on living than $3.10 international dollars per day

98
Q

Health → SES causal pathway

A

Maybe chronic illness → missed educational and employment opportunities → lowered SES

99
Q

SES → Health causal pathway

A

has most evidence
- Postmortem studies on adrenal glands
- Blood pressure studies in “low stress” groups

100
Q

how does lower SES increase risk factors and decreases protective factors

A
  • More smoking, drinking, obesity
  • More likely to live in violent/polluted neighborhoods
  • Less access to clean water, healthy foods, health clubs, adequate heating/cooling
101
Q

Whitehall studies

A

Whitehall Studies show that low-ranked British civil servants (office messengers and other support staff) are almost twice as likely to die from heart disease as administrators of the same age.

Differences in risk factors– for example, higher smoking rates among the support staff- account for less than half the gap in mortality rates

102
Q

stressor

A

Anything that disrupts physiological balance and activates stress response

103
Q

homeostasis

A

“Same” “steady”; the tendency of the body to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes

104
Q

allostasis

A

“Maintaining stability through change”; the physiological processes that allow organisms to adapt to stressors
- Long term disruption of homeostasis by stressors → allostatic load and negative health consequences

105
Q

autonomic nervous system stress response

A

Immediate stress response
- Mobilizes energy resources to muscle cells
- Increases heart rate, bp, respiration and mental acuity

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

106
Q

hormonal stress response

A

Delayed stress response
- Replenishes energy stores through synthesis of glycogen (stored glucose) and fat deposition

Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

107
Q

Fight or Flight: The Stress Response is Adaptive in an Emergency

A

Energy needed
- Storage inhibited
- Stored energy mobilized

Muscles need oxygen
- Breathing rate increases
- Heart rate rises
- Vasoconstriction → BP increases
- Water retained to increase blood volume

No energy wasted on superfluous functions
- Digestion inhibited, blood flow to digestive tract decreased
- Reproductive physiology, behavior inhibited
- Growth, tissue repair inhibited
- Pain perception suppressed
- Changes in immune function

108
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (parasympathetic & sympathetic)

A

Parasympathetic nervous system: “Rest-and-digest” or “feed and breed”

Sympathetic nervous system: “flight-or-flight”
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)

109
Q

Hormonal Stress Response

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Cortisol

110
Q

cortisol

A
  • Increases glucose availability in bloodstream and for the brain
  • Increases bp and cardiac output
  • Suppresses nonessential activities (digestion, reproduction)
  • Chronic elevated cortisol can suppress immune response and lead to type 2 diabetes and CVD
111
Q

Stress-Related Illness

A

Stress response not designed for long-term or frequent activation

Poor health:
- Stress on cardiovascular system
- Immunosuppression

112
Q

Stress Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease

A

Chronic release of epinephrine → increase in blood pressure
- leads to heart attacks and strokes

Chronic release of cortisol:
Increase in insulin to take up excess circulating glucose mobilized by epinephrine
- deposition of glucose in visceral (abdominal) fat cells
- Risk factor for CVD and Type 2 Diabetes
Increase in insulin resistance
- Risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

113
Q

Cortisol reactivity

A

higher during negative life events

114
Q

Social Moderators of the Stress Response

A

Social cohesion/social capital
- Group well-being
-Connections and shared values that enable individuals and groups to trust each other and to work together

Social support/social integration
- Improved recovery
- Decreased distress
- Lower mortality due to illness

115
Q

GDP and Average Life Expectancy

A

Average life expectancy is higher when the GDP per capita is higher

116
Q

Social Support and Morbidity

A

% of colds (infection and illness) are highest in groups with low social network diversity, and the percentage is lowest in groups with the highest social network diversity

117
Q

Scientific Racism

A

the use of scientific evidence of techniques to support or justify the belief in racial inferiority or superiority

118
Q

Cline

A

character gradient over geographic space
- Ecological gradients
- Gene flow between populations

119
Q

Pregnancy-related death

A

the death of a woman while pregnant or within 1 year of the end of a pregnancy
- Regardless of the outcome, duration or site or the pregnancy
- From any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes

120
Q

Safety net providers

A

supply healthcare and other needed services to uninsured, Medicaid and other vulnerable/marginalized patients

121
Q

Person-centered care

A

integrated health care services delivered in a setting and manner that is responsive to the individual and their goals, values, and preferences, in a system that empowers patients and providers to make effective care plans together

122
Q

Trillium Health Research Enterprise (mission)

A

to improve health care for all through diverse and inclusive clinical studies focused on Trillium’s areas of expertise, including HIV treatment and prevention, LGBTQ+ health, sexual health, DEI, health equity, and infectious diseases, that advance our understanding of the patients we serve and the models of care that best suit them

123
Q

Early Hominid Social Structure

A

Data suggests that australopithecines lived in multi-male, multi-female groups
- Genus Homo: similar group size and structure, less dimorphic
- Move towards sedentism: larger, permanent groups (~150 people)

124
Q

Evolving Social Hierarchies

A

Primates:
- Single alpha male
- Linear dominance hierarchy

Hunter-gatherers
- Relatively egalitarian
- Single chief
- Relatively simple social structure

Post-hunter-gatherers:
- Multiple hierarchies
- Highest rank = most valued

125
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

Produced by American Psychiatric Association to provide consensus diagnostic information for all types of mental illness

126
Q

I am illnesses

A

Chronic conditions that people do not simply have but become
- E.g. hemophilia, diabetes, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder

Difficult to separate the disease from the self-identity of the sufferer
- Movement towards separating sufferers from their illnesses

127
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

BMI of 17 is mild, below 15 is severe; afraid of gaining weight, disturbed body perception
- Self esteem, distorted perception of self-control linked to weight gain/loss

128
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Binge eating followed by vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise
- Misperceptions of body weight and shape

129
Q

Measuring attitudes towards ideal body shape in American college students – 1980s (Fallon and Rozin)

A

Males saw themselves as close to:
- Their own ideal
- What females would find most attractive

Females saw themselves as heavier than:
- Their own ideal
- The size they thought males would find most attractive
- The size males identified as ideal for females

Women thought that men preferred a thinner body type than they actually did;
- Women’s own ideal body type was even thinner than what they thought men would like

ANTH 243 (2 decks)

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