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Brain and Human Behaviour > Mechanisms of Perception > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

input mainly from thalamic relay nuclei

-lowest level of processing

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2
Q

Secondary sensory cortex

A

input mainly from primary and secondary cortex

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3
Q

Association sensory cortex

A

input from more than one sensory system, usually secondary

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4
Q

Disruption of lower levels of the cortex lead to loss of _______

A

sense perception

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5
Q

Disruption of higher levels of the cortex lead to ________

A

complex deficits (man who mistook wife for hat)

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6
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located (V1)

A

posterior occipital lobe

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7
Q

Scotoma

A

area of blindness resulting from damage to visual cortex

-may not be detected due to completion

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8
Q

Blindsight

A

ability to respond to a visual stimulus even with no conscious awareness due to scotoma
-may be because some connections still exist in V1

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9
Q

Agnosia

A

failure of recognition

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10
Q

Visual agnosia

A

ability to see but not recognize

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11
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize and differentiate faces

-bilateral damage to ventral stream

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12
Q

Fusiform face area

A

activity is increased during facial recognition but not recognition of other objects

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13
Q

Frequency

A

number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

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14
Q

Pitch

A

tones highness or lowness which depends on frequency

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15
Q

Middle ear

A

between eardrum and cochlea containing ossicles that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the ovals window

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16
Q

Inner ear

A

cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs

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17
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

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18
Q

Cochlea

A

contains organ of Corti, hair cells, auditory receptors and is highly sensitive

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19
Q

Oval window

A

on cochlea where stapes presses

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20
Q

Superior olivary complex

A

group of nuclei in medulla which code for spatial location

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21
Q

Lateral lemniscus

A

band of fibres that carry auditory info through medulla and pons to inferior colliculus

22
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

involved in sensory reflexes (startle to unexpected noise)

23
Q

Phase difference

A
  • difference in arrival times of sound waves at each eardrum
  • detected by medial superior olivary complex
  • it is difficult to determine whether sound is directly in front or behind
24
Q

Conductive deafness

A

ossicle damage

25
Q

Nerve deafness

A

cochlea or auditory nerve damage

-major cause is a loss of hair cells

26
Q

Divisions of exteroreceptive system

A

touch (mechanical)
temp (thermal)
pain (nociceptive)

27
Q

Free nerve endings

A

temp and pain

-no specialized structures

28
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

adapt rapidly, large and deep

-sudden displacements of skin

29
Q

Merkels disks

A

gradual skin indentation

30
Q

Ruffini endings

A

gradual skin stretch

31
Q

Stereognosis

A

identifying objects by touch (manipulate object so pattern of stimulation changes)

32
Q

Dermatome

A

area of the body innervated by the L and R dorsal roots of a given segment of spinal cord

33
Q

Ascending somatosensory pathways

A
  • dorsal column medial lemniscus system

- anterolateral system

34
Q

Dorsal medical lemniscus system

A

-touch and proprioception

35
Q

Anterolateral system

A
  • pain and temp

- 3 tracts: spinothalmic, spinoreticular, spinotectal

36
Q

Asterognosia

A

inability to recognize objects by touch

37
Q

Asomatognosia

A

failure to recognize parts of ones own body

  • unilateral L side of body
  • damage to R temporal and posterior parietal lobe
  • accompanied by anosognosia (can’t recognize ones symptoms)
38
Q

Descending pain control states pain can be suppressed by ______ and ______ factors

A

cognitive and emotional

39
Q

Discoveries supporting descending pain control

A
  • electrical stim of PAG has pain blocking effects
  • PAG and other areas have opiate receptors for pain relief drugs such as morphine
  • existence of endogenous opiates- endorphins
40
Q

What is the only sensory system whose pathway reaches the cerebral cortex without passing through thalamus

A

olfaction

41
Q

How is the olfactory system organized

A

chemotopically

-according to map of odors

42
Q

Metabotropic mediated tastes

A

sweet
umami
bitter
(receptor causes ion channel to open)

43
Q

Ionotropic mediated tastes

A

salty
sour
(don’t have receptors and therefore act on ion channels)

44
Q

Anosmia

A

inability to smell

-blow to the head which damages olfactory nerves

45
Q

Ageusia

A

inability to taste

  • damage to ear on same side of the body can cause limited ageusia
  • rare due to multiple taste pathways
46
Q

Exogenous attention

A

bottom up

  • external events
  • drawn to table since cat knocked lamp off it
47
Q

Endogenous attention

A

top up

  • internal cognitive processes
  • focused on table since you are trying to find keys
48
Q

Change blindness

A

no memory of which that is not attended to

-doesn’t occur without brief intervals since memory isn’t needed

49
Q

Cocktail phenomenon

A

indicates there is processing of info not attended to

-unconsciously monitoring contents of one convo while consciously listening to another

50
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

difficulty attending to more than one visual object at once

-damage to dorsal stream (localizing objects)

51
Q

Visual neglect

A

receive info from L side but neglect it since there is damage to L side structures

Brain and Human Behaviour (4 decks)

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