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My Biology Gr. 12 > Mechanisms Of Inheritance & Biotech. > Flashcards

Mechanisms Of Inheritance & Biotech. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (a polymer). DNA is the biological molecule of inheritance.

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2
Q

What shape is DNA in?

A

A double helix

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3
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Sugars - sides
Phosphate - sides
Bases (nitrogens) - rung

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4
Q

What are the 4 bases

A

Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine

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5
Q

Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines

A

Adenine & Guanine are purines (2 rings)

Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines (1 ring)

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6
Q

How are nucleotides connected to one another?

A

By covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar.

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7
Q

What is DNA replication

A

The copying of DNA before mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

Where does DNA replication occur

A

In the nucleus during interphase just before prophase

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9
Q

What are the 4 enzymes that help DNA replication occur

A

Helical, DNA Polymerase, Primase, and Ligase

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10
Q

What does Helicase do

A

Unwinds and unzips by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

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11
Q

What does DNA Polymerase do

A

Builds the new DNA strand

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12
Q

What does the Primase do

A

initializes the entire process and sets a path for POLYMERASE to follow

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13
Q

What does Ligase do?

A

Glues the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

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14
Q

What is unzipping?

A

When the Helicase breaks the hydrogen bond forming a replication fork

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15
Q

What is the first step of DNA Replication

A

The origin is discovered and the strand is unwound (by the helicase) forming a replication fork

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16
Q

What is step two in DNA Replication

A

SSB (single stranded binding) proteins bind to each of the DNA sides to keep it unwound

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17
Q

What is step 3 in DNA Replication

A

Primase forms a primer on both sides of the unzipped parent DNA

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18
Q

What is the 4th step in DNA Replication

A

DNA Polymerase recognize the primer and uses free nucleotides t build the DNA strand by using the parent code

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19
Q

What is the 5th step of DNA Replication

A

Covalent bonds are formed between phosphates and sugars

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20
Q

Note: DNA is anti parallel, meaning……

A

Each strand is built differently. One strand is leading and one is lagging, therefore it is built in small fragments.

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21
Q

Which strand of DNA is leading and which strand is lagging

A

The strand with the number of carbons going from 5’ to 3’ is lagging, and the one going from 3’to 5’ is leading

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22
Q

What is the 6th step of DNA Replication

A

DNA polymerase reads the DNA 3’ to 5’ (building 5’ to 3’)

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23
Q

What is the 7th and final step of DNA Replication

A

Ligase joins the Okazaki Fragments on the lagging side (5 to 3)

24
Q

What is RNA

A

It stands for Ribonucleic Acid, and is a bio molecule made of ribonucleotides

25
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA RNA
——————————-)——————————-
- Deoxyribonucleic acid ) - Ribonucleic acid
- Codes for traits. ) - used in protein synthesis
- Double stranded. ) - single stranded
(twisted & coiled). )
- Found in nucleus ) - Found in nucleus & cytoplasm
- sugar is deoxyribose ) - sugar is ribose
- one type. ) - three types

26
Q

What bases is RNA made of

A

Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

27
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)  which carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) which are both involved in the process of ordering the amino acids to make the protein.
28
Q

What is the 1st step in transcription

A

DNA is transcribed into a small message to be carried to a ribosome (by a mRNA)

29
Q

What is the 2nd step in transcription

A

RNA polymerase ( an enzyme ) is used to “read” the message by “matching” the DNA code w. RNA bases

30
Q

What is the 3rd & final step in transcription

A

The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus, to find a ribosome in the cytoplasm

31
Q

What is the 1st step in translation

A

In the cytoplasm, mRNA moves to a ribosome made of rRNA where the protein is assembled

32
Q

What is the 2nd step in translation

A

tRNA carries amino acids according to its anticodon, while mRNA holds the codons in the cytoplasm

33
Q

What are chromosomal mutations

A

Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

34
Q

What are the 4 types of Chromosomal mutations

A

1) Deletion
2) Duplication
3) Inversion
4) Translocation

35
Q

What is deletion

A

A mutation that involves the loss of all of part of a chromosome

36
Q

What is Inversion

A

A mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome

37
Q

What is duplication

A

A mutation that produces an extra copy f all or part of a chromosome

38
Q

What is translocation

A

A mutation where one part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

39
Q

What are gene mutations

A

Mutations that involve changes n one or a few nucleotides

40
Q

What are the 3 types of gene mutations

A

1) Substitution
2) Deletion
3) Insertion

41
Q

What is substitution

A

A mutation where a single nucleotide is replaced or substituted

42
Q

What is Deletion

A

A mutation similar to insertion, it shifts the reading frame of a genetic message and can change all of the amino acids after that mutation

43
Q

What is insertion

A

A mutation where a single nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence causing a frameshift to occur, leading to all the amino acids after to be changed

44
Q

What is recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

45
Q

What is gene therapy

A

When cloned genes are used to modify a human

46
Q

What is a clone

A

An organism with genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

47
Q

How do you create a clone

A

You take and grow a single cell that is genetically identical to the adult organism until it becomes an entirely new individual that is genetically identical to the owner of then original cell

48
Q

Why are identical twins considered clones

A

The 1st and 2nd cells of the embryo separated and each became a complete individual

49
Q

What are 3 reasons that people clone genes

A

1) To produce a large quantity of the genes protein product ex//insulin
2) To learn how a cloned gene codes for a particular protein
3) To use the genes to alter the phenotypes of other organisms in a beneficial way

50
Q

What is a transgenic organism

A

An organism that contains genes from other organisms

51
Q

How are transgenic organisms created

A

By inserting recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism

52
Q

What did franklin do

A

She produced the X-ray crystallography pictures of DNA

53
Q

What did Fredrick Meischer do

A

He isolated the chemicals that made up white blood cells, which he called nuclien

54
Q

What did McClintock do

A

She showed that chromosomal crossovers happen in corn chromosomes, and later discovered that x-rays could cause translocations, inversions, deletions, and ring chromosomes in corn

55
Q

What did Avery do

A

He discovered transformation in bacteria, and proved cell fragments of dead, disease-causing bacteria could still cause pneumonia when allowed to come in contact with harmless bacteria

56
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do

A

They studied bacrophages (a type of virus that attacks bacteria) and discovered that viral DNA had the info to produce more viruses

57
Q

What did Crick do

A

Correctly proposed the structure of DNA, as well as ran the Human Genome Project from 1988 to 1992, and made the cold spring harbor lab

My Biology Gr. 12 (2 decks)

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