Mechanisms of Disease 1:Cell growth and Cell differentiation (Cellular Pathology) Flashcards
Cellular Pathology
What is cell growth?
Bigger organism means more cells. An increase in cell numbers
What is cell differentiation?
When cells stop growing and become more complex at end of growth
What is the meaning of cell potency?
This is the cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types
What are the three categories of diseases due to cell differentiation and growth?
- Developmental conditions
- Neoplasia/Metoplasia
What is an example of a developmental condition?
Neural tube defect - Spina bifida
neural tube does not close all the way
What is neoplasia and what can it cause?
new, uncontrolled growth of cells
replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type that is not normally present #
Cancer
What are two types of cell growth?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
What is hyperplasia ?
More cells
Increased cell proliferation
What is hypertrophy?
Cells become bigger.
Caused by cells making more macromolecules, proteins and they become bigger
Increases protein synthesis is a big driver in cell size
What are differentiated cells also called ?
Post mitotic
They will show specific tissue type gene expression
What are the similarities between cell growth and cell differentiation?
They are both controlled by the integration of multiple signals
Intra and extracellular signals
Growth /inhibitory factors
What are co-incidence detectors?
This is when a neuron encodes information by detecting close spatial signals
Due to promoters found on important genes
What are extracellular signals?
They are ligands which bind on receptor leading to intracellular cascade
What are the three classes of extracellular signals ?
Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine
Describe Paracrine
This is produced locally to stimulate proliferation of a different cell
(Cell to cell)
Describe Endocrine
This is hormones released for distant effects
hormone signalling
Describe Autocrine
Produced by a cell that will also express appropriate cell surface receptor
(hormonew signalling binds on SAME cells)
How are extracellular signals involved in cell growth and differentiation?
Proteins that stimulate proliferation and promote survival-
Mitogens (Growth factors/interleukins)
Induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation
Induce apoptosis (TNF family)
Overview how extracellular signalling will induce gene expression
- A growth factor will bind to its receptor
- This activates signal transduction via a kinase cascade
- This activates transcription factors in the nucleus
- Transcription factors will drive transcription of downstream genes
- Creates an mRNA which is exported to cytoplasm
- Protein synthesis and translation will take place
- Proteins are made which will remain in cytoplasm and exert their functions.