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Disorders of Growth > Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

List 7 aetiological agents

A
  1. chemical
  2. physical
  3. infectious
  4. viral
  5. Bacterial/ parasitic
  6. inherited
  7. immune related
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2
Q

Which genes are targeted in the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis ?`

A
  • oncogenes
  • proto oncogenes (code for proteins that help regulate cell growth and proliferation)
  • tumor suppressor genes
  • genes regulating apoptosis
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3
Q

What are two causes of carcinogenesis?

A
  1. carcinogens such as physical and chemical agents

2. ocogenes (generally used when virus is involved)

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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Progression
  4. Malignant conversion (sometimes)
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5
Q

Describe inititiation of carcinogenesis

A

mutations in the genetic makeup of a cell. May or may not result in cancer as cell has repair mechanisms

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6
Q

Describe promotion of carcinogenesis

A

stimulation to grow and divide faster

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7
Q

Describe progression of carcinogenesis

A

further growth

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8
Q

Describe malignant conversion of carcinogenesis

A

Doesn’t always occur. It is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer. This may occur as a primary process in normal tissue, or secondarily as malignant degeneration of a previously existing benign tumor.

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9
Q

List 3 mechanisms for repair in the process of carcinogenesis

A
  1. cell cycle check points
  2. DNA repair
  3. Apoptosis
    (see pge 53 of manual)
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10
Q

Describe proto oncogenes

A
  • promote normal cell growth/ mitosis/ cell division
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11
Q

Describe tumour suppressor genes

A
  • detect genetic damage
  • stop subsequent progression of G1-S phase in mitosis
  • induce DNA repair enzyme activity
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12
Q

Describe Direct vs. Indirect Carcinogenic mechanisms

A

Direct = express viral oncogenes that directly contribute to cancerous cell transformation

Indirect= chronic infection/ inflammation –> free radicals from inflammatory cells hosts mutations

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13
Q

How can viruses promote carcinogenesis

A
  1. virus integrates into host genome
  2. this integration inturrupts host’s oncogenes
  3. Viral products may mimic oncoproteins (e.e pappiloma virus)
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14
Q

List three key factors critical in the development of congenital defects

A
  1. stage of pregnancy
  2. Teratogen involved
  3. Genotype
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15
Q

Discuss how the stage of pregnancy determines how congenital disorders manifest

A
  • if an embryo dies it will probably be reabsorbed
  • 1st trimester is when major organogenesis occurs.
  • 2nd-3rd trimester is when further development of organs and tissues (the differentiation and maturation) occurs.

This is really too complex to put of this slide

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16
Q

Discuss how the genotype determines how congenital disorders manifest

A

-usually chromosomal gene involvement

-breed predisposition
(think brachycephalic bulldogs with vertebral malformations/ polycystic kidneys in persians)

-heritable susceptibility
(what ya momma gave you)

17
Q

Discuss how a chemical teratogen determines how congenital disorders manifest

A
  • toxins
  • therapeutic drug
  • able to transcend placental barrier?
  • concentration
18
Q

Discuss how a physical teratogen determines how congenital disorders manifest

A
  • Vit A imbalance
  • Nutritional= starvation/ copper deficiency
  • Physical= heat/ radiation/ vascular occlusion
19
Q

Discuss how a Viral teratogen determines how congenital disorders manifest

A
  • viruses are able to cross the placenta
  • if have low pathogenicity to mother, can affect foetus without mum/baby dying
  • if doesn’t kill foetus will likely have adverse affects –> hypoplasia/ vasculitis/ amputation e.g. parvovirus
20
Q

Discuss how the viral teratogen involved in Akabane virus determines how congenital disorders manifest

A

1st tri= hydrancephaly
2nd= degeneration LMR
3rd= still birth/ abortion

21
Q

Discuss how the viral teratogen involved in Border disease virus determines how congenital disorders manifest

A 
1st= embryonic absorption
2nd= congenital defects 
3rd= survival & minimal effect
22
Q

Discuss how the teratogen involved in Swine fever determines how congenital disorders manifest

A 
1st= absorption
2nd= dec growth, mummification
3rd= post natal development, dec survival
23
Q

Discuss how the viral teratogen involved in parvo virus determines how congenital disorders manifest in PIGS vs. CATS

A

Pigs –>
1st= reabsorption
2nd= mummification
3rd= still birth/ small piglet

Cats –>
1st= reabsorption
2nd= congenital defects
3rd= cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dysplasia

24
Q

What are the two types of congenital defects neonates can suffer from

A
  1. anatomic anomalies

2. biochemical defects

25
Q

Example of an anatomic anomaly

A

e.g. cyclopia

26
Q

Example of an anatomic anomaly

A 
Albinism= defective tyrosinase 
Dwarfism
Haemophilia 
Lysosomal storage disease 
Dermatosporaxis= failed collagen
27
Q

List the 8 categories of Anatomical Anomalies

A
  1. Failure of Development
  2. Failure to close/ fuse
  3. Failure to canalise
  4. Failure to separate
  5. Vestigial remnants & cysts
  6. Structure develops abnormally
  7. Accessory tissues abnormal
  8. Ectopic tissues
28
Q

explain 1. Failure of Development

A 
Agenesis= absence of an organ
Aplasia= Defective development
Hypoplasia= Incomplete development
29
Q

Explain 2. Failure to close/ fuse

A

Schistosoma= abdominal midline cleft
Spina bifida= cleft in spine
Coloboma= cleft in iris
Cleft palate

30
Q

Explain 3. Failure to canalise

A

Atresia ani= sheet of skin coveres anus

31
Q

Explain 4. Failure to separate

A

Cyclopia= one eye

32
Q

Explain 5. Vestigial remnants & cysts

A

Persistence of embryonic structures e.g hole in heart

Cysts= polycystic kidney

33
Q

Explain 6. Structure develops abnormally

A

Displasia= hip displasia

34
Q

Explain 7. Accessory tissues abnormal

A

Polydactyly= extra digits

Supernumerary teeth- more teeth

35
Q

Explain 8. Ectopic tissues

A

tissue located in wrong place

whole organ in wrong location

Disorders of Growth (2 decks)

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