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Disorders of Growth > Disorders of growth > Flashcards

Disorders of growth Flashcards

1
Q

Define disorders of growth

A

“alterations within the rate of cell division and differentiation of cells in organs/tissues in response to a change in cellular homeostasis caused be an aetiological agent”

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2
Q

define congenital

A

abnormality present at birth, however of which is not always detected

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3
Q

Define aplasia

A

failure of development

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4
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

failure of an organ/ tissue to reach full development

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5
Q

What is hypoplasia vs. hyperplasia?

A 
Hyperplasia= increased proliferation of cells 
Hypoplasia= lack of proliferation in cells resulting in a failure to reach full development
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6
Q

Are congenital and acquired disorders of growth controlled or uncontrolled?

A

controlled

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7
Q

Are benign and malignant disorders of growth controlled or uncontrolled?

A

uncontrolled

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8
Q

5 x examples of controlled (ADAPTIVE) disorders of growth

A
  1. atrophy
  2. hypertrophy
  3. hyperplasia
  4. dysplasia
  5. metaplasia
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9
Q

How can we describe cells undergoing uncontrolled acquired disorders of growth?

A

benign/ malignant

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10
Q

What is neoplasia?

A
  • genetic cell disease
  • Mutation/ genetic damage causes morphological cell transformation
  • cells proliferate uncontrollable
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11
Q

Define tumor vs. neoplasm vs. cancer

A 
tumour= abnormal mass/ swelling 
neoplasm= new progressive & uncontrolled growth
cancer= malignant cellular tumour
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12
Q

How can we define a controlled disorder of growth?

A

ADAPTIVE CHANGE

  • normal cellular controls
  • rate of cell division or size altered
  • reversible if the inciting stimulus is removed
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13
Q

How can we define an uncontrolled disorder of growth?

A
  • changes are outside the cells normal control of proliferation
  • altered tumor supressor genes
  • altered proto-onco genes
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14
Q

Pathological “benign” characterists? (9)

A
  • well differentiatied
  • slow growing
  • uniform
  • expansive, but respects boundaries
  • dont metastasize
  • Haemorrhage & necrosis uncommon
  • Vessels never invade
  • low mitotic rate
  • slight anaplasia
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15
Q

Pathological “malignant” characteristics? (8)

A
  • pooly differentiatied
  • peliomorphic
  • invasive, dont respects boundaries
  • can metastasize
  • Haemorrhage & necrosis common
  • Vessels can invade
  • moderate/ bizarre mitotic rate
  • anaplasia
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16
Q

What is reduced differentiation if neoplastic cells?

A

gradual reversion back to stem cell

17
Q

How to neoplastic cells reduce their differentiation?

A
  1. stop forming normal structures
  2. do this to differing degrees so look abnormal (pleiomorphic)
  3. then start to look generic ([round cells/ spindle cells/ epithelial cells] –> generic blast cells)
18
Q

what are consequences of reduced differentiation in neoplastic cells?

A

-reduced regulation of division
(more mitoses visible)
-genetic instability
(multi-nucleation)

19
Q

List properties of invasive neoplastic cells

A
  • lose cooperation & orientation
  • can produce proteolytic enzymes
  • more malignant forms proliferate
20
Q

What do integrins do

A

critical for cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

how cells “talk” to each other

21
Q

What are 3 routes that metastatic cells often use to travel?

A
  • exfoliation & implantation (body cavities)
  • lymphatics
  • circulation
22
Q

Describe occurrences in the invasion of the extracellular matrix

A

1 .cells separation

  1. cells attach to ECM components (tumour cells can alter expression to force adaption)
  2. cells secrete procreates
  3. cells migrate
  4. tumour embolised
  5. travel to new site of invasion
23
Q

What determines the site of invasion of an embolised tumour?

A
  • vascular anatomy

- tumor surface adhesion molecules

24
Q

Normal morphology of epithelial cell nucleus?

A
  • basophilic
  • round/ovoid
  • dense
  • well defined
25
Q

Normal morphology of epithelial cell cytoplasm?

A
  • eosinophilic

- varied

26
Q

Normal morphology of epithelial cell behaviour?

A

-cells connect to form a structure by aligning along a basement membrane

27
Q

Normal morphology of spindle cell nucleus?

A
  • basophilic
  • medium
  • elongate
  • well defined
28
Q

Normal morphology of spindle cell cytoplasm?

A
  • eosinophilic

- elongated

29
Q

Normal morphology of spindle cell behaviour?

A

Individual cells can form sheets

structures are often associated with an ECM

30
Q

Normal morphology of round cell nucleus? (immune cells)

A
  • varies with type
  • basophilic
  • well defined
31
Q

Normal morphology of round cell behaviour?

A

individual cells don’t form structures

32
Q

What are the 4 classes of normal regulatory genes which are targets of genetic damage

A
  1. Growth promoting onco-genes
  2. Growth inhibiting tumour suppressors
  3. Genes regulating apoptosis
  4. Genes involved in DNA repair

Disorders of Growth (2 decks)

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