Disorders of growth Flashcards
Define disorders of growth
“alterations within the rate of cell division and differentiation of cells in organs/tissues in response to a change in cellular homeostasis caused be an aetiological agent”
define congenital
abnormality present at birth, however of which is not always detected
Define aplasia
failure of development
Define hypoplasia
failure of an organ/ tissue to reach full development
What is hypoplasia vs. hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia= increased proliferation of cells Hypoplasia= lack of proliferation in cells resulting in a failure to reach full development
Are congenital and acquired disorders of growth controlled or uncontrolled?
controlled
Are benign and malignant disorders of growth controlled or uncontrolled?
uncontrolled
5 x examples of controlled (ADAPTIVE) disorders of growth
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- dysplasia
- metaplasia
How can we describe cells undergoing uncontrolled acquired disorders of growth?
benign/ malignant
What is neoplasia?
- genetic cell disease
- Mutation/ genetic damage causes morphological cell transformation
- cells proliferate uncontrollable
Define tumor vs. neoplasm vs. cancer
tumour= abnormal mass/ swelling neoplasm= new progressive & uncontrolled growth cancer= malignant cellular tumour
How can we define a controlled disorder of growth?
ADAPTIVE CHANGE
- normal cellular controls
- rate of cell division or size altered
- reversible if the inciting stimulus is removed
How can we define an uncontrolled disorder of growth?
- changes are outside the cells normal control of proliferation
- altered tumor supressor genes
- altered proto-onco genes
Pathological “benign” characterists? (9)
- well differentiatied
- slow growing
- uniform
- expansive, but respects boundaries
- dont metastasize
- Haemorrhage & necrosis uncommon
- Vessels never invade
- low mitotic rate
- slight anaplasia
Pathological “malignant” characteristics? (8)
- pooly differentiatied
- peliomorphic
- invasive, dont respects boundaries
- can metastasize
- Haemorrhage & necrosis common
- Vessels can invade
- moderate/ bizarre mitotic rate
- anaplasia
What is reduced differentiation if neoplastic cells?
gradual reversion back to stem cell
How to neoplastic cells reduce their differentiation?
- stop forming normal structures
- do this to differing degrees so look abnormal (pleiomorphic)
- then start to look generic ([round cells/ spindle cells/ epithelial cells] –> generic blast cells)
what are consequences of reduced differentiation in neoplastic cells?
-reduced regulation of division
(more mitoses visible)
-genetic instability
(multi-nucleation)
List properties of invasive neoplastic cells
- lose cooperation & orientation
- can produce proteolytic enzymes
- more malignant forms proliferate
What do integrins do
critical for cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions
how cells “talk” to each other
What are 3 routes that metastatic cells often use to travel?
- exfoliation & implantation (body cavities)
- lymphatics
- circulation
Describe occurrences in the invasion of the extracellular matrix
1 .cells separation
- cells attach to ECM components (tumour cells can alter expression to force adaption)
- cells secrete procreates
- cells migrate
- tumour embolised
- travel to new site of invasion
What determines the site of invasion of an embolised tumour?
- vascular anatomy
- tumor surface adhesion molecules
Normal morphology of epithelial cell nucleus?
- basophilic
- round/ovoid
- dense
- well defined
Normal morphology of epithelial cell cytoplasm?
- eosinophilic
- varied
Normal morphology of epithelial cell behaviour?
-cells connect to form a structure by aligning along a basement membrane
Normal morphology of spindle cell nucleus?
- basophilic
- medium
- elongate
- well defined
Normal morphology of spindle cell cytoplasm?
- eosinophilic
- elongated
Normal morphology of spindle cell behaviour?
Individual cells can form sheets
structures are often associated with an ECM
Normal morphology of round cell nucleus? (immune cells)
- varies with type
- basophilic
- well defined
Normal morphology of round cell behaviour?
individual cells don’t form structures
What are the 4 classes of normal regulatory genes which are targets of genetic damage
- Growth promoting onco-genes
- Growth inhibiting tumour suppressors
- Genes regulating apoptosis
- Genes involved in DNA repair
