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BDS2 Infection and Immunity > Mechanisms of Antibiotics > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

how could infection control be established within the dental practise?

A
  • disinfection of non-sterilisable surfaces and equipment
  • heat sterilisation of all compatible equipment
  • hand washing techniques + appropriate antiseptics
  • appropriate barrier techniques (masks, gloves, eye protection)
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2
Q

what are disinfectants?

A

strong chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms (used on non-biological surfaces)

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3
Q

what are antiseptics?

A

disinfecting agents with sufficiently low toxicity for host cells (can be used directly on skin, mucous membranes or wounds)
- no injection!

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4
Q

what are sterilants?

A

these kill both vegetative cells and spores when applied to materials for appropriate times and temperatures

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5
Q

what is the use of chemicals to destroy most pathogenic organisms on animate surfaces known as?

A

antisepsis

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6
Q

what properties does the ideal antiseptic have?

A
  • toxicity to microorganisms but not to human cells
  • cidal activity (kills microorganisms)
  • long plasma half-life
  • good tissue distribution
  • low binding to plasma proteins
  • no adverse reactions with other drugs
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7
Q

examples where antiseptics may be used?

A
  • treatment of skin infections
  • prevention of infections in cuts and wounds
  • cleaning the skin area of surgery from microorganisms
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8
Q

what are the different classifications of antiseptics?**know

A
  • antiseptics that denature proteins (cidal)
  • antiseptics that cause osmotic disruption of the cell (cidal)
  • those that interfere with specific metabolic processes (growth arrest/static)
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9
Q

what is the mechanism of action for cationic detergents?

A

interfere with plasma membranes permeability and cause leakage of enzyme, coenzyme and metabolites

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10
Q

examples of antiseptics that denature proteins and DNA bases (inhibiting the functionality of the cell)?

A
  • phenols
  • iodine
  • alcohols
  • aldehydes
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11
Q

what is the function of Iodophores?

A

used as either an antiseptic or disinfectant:

- kill vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, lipid containing viruses

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12
Q

examples of alcohols that work as effective antiseptic and disinfectant agents?

A
  • ethyl alcohol

- isopropyl alcohol

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13
Q

what is chlorohexidine?

A

an antiseptic (stays around for a long time)

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14
Q

what microbes is chlorohexidine most effective against?

A
  • gram positive cocci
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15
Q

what is chlorohexidine least effective against?

A
  • gram positive rods

- gram negative rods

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16
Q

how does chlorhexidibne act as an antiseptic?

A

strongly absorbs to bacterial membranes and causes leakage of small molecules and precipitation of cytoplasmic proteins

17
Q

what is an example of an oxidising agent that is used as an antiseptic?

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

18
Q

what % of hydrogen peroxide is sporicidal?

A

10-25%

19
Q

what is potential dangerous for common users of antiseptics, disinfectants or sterilants?

A
  • short term and long term toxicity
  • general biocidal activity
  • accumulate in the environment OR in the patients/caregivers body*
20
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

naturally occurring antimicrobials

- metabolic products of bacteria and fungi

21
Q

how are antibiotics destructive to organisms?

A

reduce competition for nutrients and space (dont kill microbes)

22
Q

examples of bacteria antibiotics?

A
  • streptomyces

- bacillus

23
Q

examples of mould antibiotics?

A
  • penicillium

- cephalosporium

24
Q

what is the DEFINITION of an antibiotic?

A

an antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by one organism that is destructive to another

25
Q

what are the two types of antibiotics?

A
  • bacteriostatic (slows down organism)

- bacteriocidal (kills organism)

26
Q

what are the cellular targets for antibiotics??*******know

A
  • inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • injury to cell/plasma membrane
  • inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
  • inhibition of protein synthesis
27
Q

why is a long plasma half life an important trait for an ideal antimicrobial agent?

A

stays in the body for a while

28
Q

what does misuse of antibiotics lead to?

A

antibiotic resistance

29
Q

what are examples of misuse of antibiotics?

A
  • using outdated or weakened antibiotics
  • using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions
  • failing to complete a course of antibiotics
30
Q

what are some mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A
  • blocking entry of antibiotic into cell
  • inactivating enzymes
  • efflux of antibiotic
  • alteration of target molecule
31
Q

what is antibiotic prophylaxis?

A

use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

BDS2 Infection and Immunity (8 decks)

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