Mechanisms And Effects Of Mutations Flashcards
What kinds of alterations are there in sequence of bases in specific sections of DNA?
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (common)
- Small deletions/ duplications (few bases)
Types of tandem repeats? 2
- Microsatellites 2-3 base pairs
- Minisatellites 10-60 base pairs
Types of variation in genome
- Alteration in sequence of bases in specific sections of DNA
- Tandem repeats
- Larger duplications/ deletions
- Changes in number or structure of chromosomes
Variation in genome can lead to
Altered effects of a protein
Difference in control of genes
Genome variation can lead to (examples)
Normal human variation eye colour
Difference in response to medication
Influence the likelihood of disease (more common)
Directly the result of a genetic disease
Three ways genome variant classified
- Size
- Frequency
- Clinical effects
What is a mutation?
An alteration or change in genetic material
Causes of mutations?
Exposure to mutagenic agents
Spontaneously through errors in DNA replication/ repair
How can polymorphism be non harmful
Sequence variant is in non functional DNA
Sequence variant within gene but doesn’t change aa
Sequence variant changed aa but doesn’t alter protein function
Polymorphism?
Two or more possibilities of a trait on a gene
SNP?
Single nucleotide polymorphism (most common type of variant)
To be called SNP base Change has to have frequency of less than 1%
Example of SNP?
Change of C to a T
One of three patterns CC, CT, TT
How an genome be examined?
Examine bases - sequencing/ microanalysis
Examine large blocks of DNA - FISH/ microanalysis
Chromosomal - light microscopy
Steps of DNA sequencing
- Amplify very small amounts of target DNA (usually by PCR)
- DNA is used as a template to generate a set of fragments that
differ in length from each other by a single base. - The fragments are then separated by size, and the bases at the end are identified, recreating the original sequence of the DNA.
Why sequence DNA?
Determine exact POSITION of mutation
Determine the TYPE of mutation