Mechanisms And Effects Of Mutations Flashcards

1
Q

What kinds of alterations are there in sequence of bases in specific sections of DNA?

A
  1. Single nucleotide polymorphism (common)
  2. Small deletions/ duplications (few bases)
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2
Q

Types of tandem repeats? 2

A
  1. Microsatellites 2-3 base pairs
  2. Minisatellites 10-60 base pairs
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3
Q

Types of variation in genome

A
  1. Alteration in sequence of bases in specific sections of DNA
  2. Tandem repeats
  3. Larger duplications/ deletions
  4. Changes in number or structure of chromosomes
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4
Q

Variation in genome can lead to

A

Altered effects of a protein
Difference in control of genes

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5
Q

Genome variation can lead to (examples)

A

Normal human variation eye colour
Difference in response to medication
Influence the likelihood of disease (more common)
Directly the result of a genetic disease

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6
Q

Three ways genome variant classified

A
  1. Size
  2. Frequency
  3. Clinical effects
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7
Q

What is a mutation?

A

An alteration or change in genetic material

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8
Q

Causes of mutations?

A

Exposure to mutagenic agents
Spontaneously through errors in DNA replication/ repair

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9
Q

How can polymorphism be non harmful

A

Sequence variant is in non functional DNA
Sequence variant within gene but doesn’t change aa
Sequence variant changed aa but doesn’t alter protein function

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10
Q

Polymorphism?

A

Two or more possibilities of a trait on a gene

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11
Q

SNP?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism (most common type of variant)

To be called SNP base Change has to have frequency of less than 1%

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12
Q

Example of SNP?

A

Change of C to a T
One of three patterns CC, CT, TT

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13
Q

How an genome be examined?

A

Examine bases - sequencing/ microanalysis
Examine large blocks of DNA - FISH/ microanalysis
Chromosomal - light microscopy

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14
Q

Steps of DNA sequencing

A
  1. Amplify very small amounts of target DNA (usually by PCR)
  2. DNA is used as a template to generate a set of fragments that
    differ in length from each other by a single base.
  3. The fragments are then separated by size, and the bases at the end are identified, recreating the original sequence of the DNA.
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15
Q

Why sequence DNA?

A

Determine exact POSITION of mutation

Determine the TYPE of mutation

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16
Q

Next generation sequencing?

A

Whole molecule sequencing
Much faster and cheaper
Predict health, diagnosis, individualised med

17
Q

When do mutations occur?

A
  1. During cell division
  2. From intrinsic and extrinsic attacks on DNA
18
Q

What is reduction division

A

1 round of replication
2 rounds of division
(Meiosis)

19
Q

How does meoitic cell division cause human disease

A

Passed on to offspring
Heritable

20
Q

How does mitotic division cause disease

A

Somatic cells affected
Cancer/ non inheritable

21
Q

Endogenous mechanism

A

Originate from inside the body

22
Q

Endogenous mechanisms causing DNA damage

A
  1. Depurination - spontaneous breakage of link between purine base and sugar. Loss of A or G.
  2. Deamintion - C delaminates to U. Substitution of A on new strand.
  3. Reactive oxygen - attack purine/ pyrimidine rings
  4. Methylation of cytosines
23
Q

Methylation of cytosines?

A

High frequency of deamination of C to T
Common at CpG dinucleotides

24
Q

Extracellular agents causing DNA damage

A
  1. Ultraviolet light - covalent linkage of adjacent Ts to form stable dimers. Stop DNA replication.
  2. Environmental chemicals
  3. Ionising radiation - breaks DNA
25
Q

G2 checkpoint?

A

Check if DNA replicated correctly before enters mitosis
Prevent passing mutations to daughter cells

26
Q

Methods of correcting DNA replication errors?

A
  • Proof reading by DNA polymerase
  • DNA mismatch repair system (back up)
  • DNA double strand break repair
27
Q

Pathogenic mutations?

A

Occur in exons and in regulatory sequences in introns
Detection of a pathogenic mutation allows genetic testing for other family members and in some diseases influences clinical management

28
Q

Types of point mutations

A

Missense - change in singe base
Nonsense - change of aa to a stop codon. Creates truncated (short) protein.
Frameshift - insertions/ deletions/ duplications
Silent - degenerative. Doesn’t affect amino acid

Splice site - mRNA altered

29
Q

None sense mediated decay process

A

Degradation of truncated protein

30
Q

Splice site mutations

A

Alters mRNA
Site where introns are spliced from pre mRNA
GU donor sites
AG acceptor sites
Mutations at site causes site to be missed and acceptor site recognised causing removal of exon

31
Q

Copy number variants

A

Small arrays of triplet repeats in coding sequences of genes that are prone to expand in number and disrupt gene function

32
Q

Effects of Larger deletions/ insertions of copy number variants?

A
  • Causes misalignment of chromosomes leading to unequal crossing over of non sister chromatids during meiosis
  • deletions more severe
  • clinical effects depend on genes involved and gene size
33
Q

What is spliceosome

A

The spliceosome precisely removes introns from pre-mRNA to generate mature messages (mRNA), a process referred to as pre-mRNA splicing. The spliceosome is essential for cell function and defective pre-mRNA splicing causes disease