Mechanisms

Question 1

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 1

an electron pair donor

Question 2

What is the typical charge of a nucleophile?

Answer 2

Negative however ammonia and water are only partially negative so their charges are not shown

Question 3

Give 4 examples of a nucleophile

Answer 3

hydroxide ion
cyanide ion
ammonia
water

Question 4

What is common in ALL nucleophiles?

Answer 4

they all have at least one lone pair on their molecule

Question 5

In a nucleophilic substitution where does the curly arrow from the Nu go to? And where does the other curly arrow go to?

Answer 5

to the carbon attached to the halogen.

from the C-halogen BOND to the halogen

Question 6

In a nucleophilic substitution what charge is the end result of the halogen?

Answer 6

ALWAYS NEGATIVE WITH A LOAN PAIR

Question 7

In a nucleophilic substitution what do curly arrows signify?

Answer 7

the movement of electrons

Question 8

How is a minor product formed ( instead of a major)?

Answer 8

1. reaction goes via intermediate carbocations

2 tertiary/ secondary carbocation is more stable than secondary/primary carbocation

Question 9

In an elimination reaction, what 2 things can the OH ion act as?

Answer 9

1. a base

2. or electron pair donor

Question 10

Give the 4 essential points for any electrophilic addition

Answer 10

1. Electrophile is attracted to double bond
2. Electrophile is positively charged
3. A (positive) carbocation is formed
4. The negative ion from the electrophile forms a bond with the carbocation

Question 11

What charge/ partial charge are all electrophiles?

Answer 11

Positive

Question 12

What is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 12

Halogenoalkanes don’t mix with water so ethanol is used as a solvent in which the halogenalkanes

Question 13

What are the conditions for elimination?

Answer 13

1. Hot
2. Ethanolic
3. KOH reagent

Question 14

What are conditions for nucleophillic substitution?

Answer 14

1. Warm
   2 aqueous
2. NaOH reagent