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A-Level Chemistry > Mechanisms > Flashcards

Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

electrophilic addition of alkenes + bromine

A

.
room temp.
forms dihalogenoalkane

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2
Q

electrophilic addition of alkenes + sulfuric acid

A

.
room temp.
forms alcohol

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3
Q

electrophilic addition of alkenes + HBr

A

.
room temp.
forms halogenoalkane

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4
Q

elimination of halogenoalkanes & OH-

A

.
ethanolic/alcoholic
heat under reflux
forms alkene

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5
Q

elimination of alcohols (dehydration)

A

.
conc. sulfuric acid or conc. phosphoric acid catalyst
forms alkene

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6
Q

electrophilic addition for hydration of alkene

A

.
conc. phosphoric acid catalyst
H2O/aqueous
warm
forms alcohol

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7
Q

nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes + OH-

A

.
aqueous
heat under reflux
forms alcohol

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8
Q

nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes + CN-

A

.
KCN reagent
ethanolic & aqueous mixture
heat under reflux
forms nitrile

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9
Q

free radical substitution of alkanes + bromine

A

.
UV light

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10
Q

nucleophilic substitution of ammonia/amines

A

.
to form 1y only, excess conc. alcoholic NH3
to form 2y, 3y amines & 4y ammonium salt, excess halogenoalkane

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11
Q

nucleophilic addition of ketones/aldehydes + H-

A

.
NaBH4 –> H- aqueous
or LiAlH4 in ether
reduction
forms alcohol

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12
Q

nucleophilic addition of ketones/aldehydes + CN-

A

.
KCN/NaCN
dilute strong acid e.g. sulfuric acid
forms hydroxynitrile

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13
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination of acyl chloride + water

A

.
H2O
room temp.
forms carboxylic acid

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14
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination of acyl chloride + alcohol

A

.
alcohol
room temp.
forms ester

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15
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination of acyl chloride + NH3

A

.
NH3
room temp.
forms 1y amide

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16
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination of acyl chloride + 1y amine

A

.
1y amine
room temp.
forms 2y amide

17
Q

electrophilic substitution of aromatic + NO2+

A

.
to form electrophile:
HNO3 + 2H2SO4 –> NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H3O+
conc. nitric acid & conc. sulfuric acid

forms nitro compounds

18
Q

reduction of aromatic nitro compounds
(not mechanism)

A

Sn & mod. conc. HCl

19
Q

electrophilic substitution of aromatic + acyl chloride/acid anhydride

A

.
formation of electrophile:
AlCl3 + CH3COCl –> CH3CO+ + AlCl4-
anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst

A-Level Chemistry (17 decks)

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