AS Organic Flashcards
define empirical formula
the formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
define molecular formula
the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
define general formula
members of the same homologous series have the same general formula
define structural formula
the formula that shows the arrangement of atoms within a molecule
define displayed formula
the formula that shows all bonds b/w atoms of each element in a molecule
define skeletal formula
the formula that does not show c-h bonds
each vertex represents a carbon atom bonded to the max # of hydrogen atoms
what are the characteristics of a homologous series?
same functional group
same general formula
similar chemical properties
trend in physical properties
differ by ch2
what are the iupac nomenclature rules?
name is based around the longest carbon chain which contains the functional group
functional group is indicated by prefix or suffix
position of functional group is given by a # - from the end that gives the lowest #
where there are 2 or more of the same groups, di-, tri-, tetra- etc. are used
if there is more than one functional group, the groups are in alphabetical order & #s are separated by commas
#s only included if needed
what are the prefixes/suffixes for as functional groups?
alkanes: -ane
alkenes: -ene
alcohols: -ol, hydroxy-
haloalkanes: fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
aldehydes: -al
ketones: -one, oxo-
carboxylic acids: -oic acid
nitriles: -nitrile
amines: -amine, amino-
ethers: alkoxy-, -ether
what are the functional groups of:
alkenes
alcohols
haloalkanes
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
nitriles
amines
ethers?
see table in organic nomenclature booklet
what are reaction mechanisms?
explains the steps of the reactions of organic compounds
what is the formation of a covalent bond shown by?
a curly arrow that starts from a lone electron pair or from another covalent bond
what is the breaking of a covalent bond shown by?
a curly arrow starting from the bond
what are isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms
what are structural isomers?
molecules with same molecular formula, but different structural arrangement of atoms (structural, displayed or skeletal formula)
includes chain, position & functional group isomers (can overlap)
what are chain isomers?
molecules with same molecular formula, but different carbon chain branches
what are position isomers?
molecules with same molecular formula, but the functional group is on a different carbon atom
what are functional group isomers?
molecules with same molecular formula, but different functional group
what are the pairs of homologous series that can be functional group isomers?
- alcohol & ether
- aldehyde & ketone
- alkenes & cycloalkanes
- carboxylic acids & esters
what are alkanes?
homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
very unreactive
what is the trend in boiling points in alkanes?
the longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
bc more e-s so stronger vdw b/w molecules (only have vdw)
for alkanes that are isomers, the more branched the carbon chain, the lower the boiling point
bc molecules cannot pack as closely together so weaker vdw b/w molecules
what is petroleum?
mixture containing mainly alkanes that can be separated by fractional distillation
what is crude oil?
mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes
how is crude oil formed?
slow decay of marine animals and plants over millions of years, under heat & pressure & anaerobic conditions