Mechanisms Flashcards
How can alkenes react ?
Electrophilic addition with H2, Br2, HBr or H2SO4 to from alkane/haloalkane/dihaloalkane/alkyl hydrogen sulphate
Hydration using H+ from conc H3PO4 and water to form alcohol
Addition polymer
How can haloalkanes react?
Elimination with OH^- from KOH to form alkene
Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous OH^- ions from NaOH/ CN^- ions from KCN/ with amine/ammonia to form alcohol/nitrile/amine
How can alcohols react?
Elimination/dehydration with H^+ from H2SO4/H3PO4 to from alkene
Oxidation using acidified K2Cr2O7 to form aldehyde/ketone
Esterification to form ester
How can alkanes react?
Free radical substitution using halogen to form haloalkane
Cracking (thermal/catalytic)
How can aldehydes react
Oxidation using acidified K2Cr2O7 to form carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic addition using CN^- from XCN and H+ from sulphuric acid to form hydroxynitrile
Reduction/Nucleophilic addition using NaBH4 to form alcohol
How can ketones react
Nucleophilic addition using H+ from water/weak acid to form alcohol
Nucleophilic addition using CN^- XCN and H+ from sulphuric acid to from hydroxynitrile
Nucleophilic addition/reduction using NaBH4 to form alcohol
How can carboxylic acids react
Esterification with alcohol and H2SO4
Condensation to from poly(ester)-diol + dicarboxylic acid /poly(amide)-diamine + dicarboxylic acid
How can nitriles react
Reduction - LiAlH4 in ether / H2 with Ni Catalyst
How can acyl chloride/acid anhydride React
Nucleophilic addition-elimination with water/alcohol/ammonia/amine to form carboxylic acid/ester/amine
How can amines react
Nucleophilic substitution of primary with haloalkane to form secondary/tertiary/quaternary salt
Can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids
How can esters react
Can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids
How can alkyl hydrogensulphates react
Hydrolysis in warm water to form alcohol
Reagents and conditions for electrophilic addition of alkene into alkyl hydrogensulphate
Conc H2SO4
Warm
Reagents and conditions for electrophilic addition of alkene into haloalkane
X2/HX
Room temp
Reagents and conditions for reduction of alkene into alkane
H2
Room temp
Reagents and conditions for hydration of alkene into alcohol
Steam
300°C, 60 atm, H3PO4 catalyst
Reagents and conditions for free radical substitution of alkane into haloalkane
Br2/Cl2
UV light
Reagents and conditions for reduction of ketone/alcohol into alcohol
NaBH4
Aqueous
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic addition of ketone/aldehyde into 2-hydroxynitrile
KCN/NaCN + H2SO4
Reagents and conditions for elimination of alcohol into alkene
Conc H2SO4
Heat
Reagents and conditions for oxidation of alcohol into ketone/aldehyde
K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
Heat + distill (aldehyde)
Reagents and conditions for esterification of alcohol into ester
Carboxylic acid + H2SO4
Heat
Reagents and conditions for elimination of haloalkane into alkene
KOH
Ethanolic + warm
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into alcohol
NaOH/KOH
Aqueous, warm, reflux
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into nitrile
KCN
Aqueous, ethanolic, reflux
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into amine
NH3
Alcoholic, heat, pressure
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic addition-elimination of amine into amide
Acyl chloride
Room temp
Reagents and conditions for oxidation of aldehyde into carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
Heat + reflux
Reagents and conditions for reduction of nitrile into amine
LiAlH4
In ether
Or H2
With Ni catalyst
Reagents and conditions for esterification of carboxylic acid into ester
Alcohol + H2SO4
Heat
