Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

How can alkenes react ?

A

Electrophilic addition with H2, Br2, HBr or H2SO4 to from alkane/haloalkane/dihaloalkane/alkyl hydrogen sulphate
Hydration using H+ from conc H3PO4 and water to form alcohol
Addition polymer

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2
Q

How can haloalkanes react?

A

Elimination with OH^- from KOH to form alkene
Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous OH^- ions from NaOH/ CN^- ions from KCN/ with amine/ammonia to form alcohol/nitrile/amine

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3
Q

How can alcohols react?

A

Elimination/dehydration with H^+ from H2SO4/H3PO4 to from alkene
Oxidation using acidified K2Cr2O7 to form aldehyde/ketone
Esterification to form ester

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4
Q

How can alkanes react?

A

Free radical substitution using halogen to form haloalkane
Cracking (thermal/catalytic)

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5
Q

How can aldehydes react

A

Oxidation using acidified K2Cr2O7 to form carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic addition using CN^- from XCN and H+ from sulphuric acid to form hydroxynitrile
Reduction/Nucleophilic addition using NaBH4 to form alcohol

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6
Q

How can ketones react

A

Nucleophilic addition using H+ from water/weak acid to form alcohol
Nucleophilic addition using CN^- XCN and H+ from sulphuric acid to from hydroxynitrile
Nucleophilic addition/reduction using NaBH4 to form alcohol

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7
Q

How can carboxylic acids react

A

Esterification with alcohol and H2SO4
Condensation to from poly(ester)-diol + dicarboxylic acid /poly(amide)-diamine + dicarboxylic acid

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8
Q

How can nitriles react

A

Reduction - LiAlH4 in ether / H2 with Ni Catalyst

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9
Q

How can acyl chloride/acid anhydride React

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination with water/alcohol/ammonia/amine to form carboxylic acid/ester/amine

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10
Q

How can amines react

A

Nucleophilic substitution of primary with haloalkane to form secondary/tertiary/quaternary salt
Can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids

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11
Q

How can esters react

A

Can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids

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12
Q

How can alkyl hydrogensulphates react

A

Hydrolysis in warm water to form alcohol

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13
Q

Reagents and conditions for electrophilic addition of alkene into alkyl hydrogensulphate

A

Conc H2SO4
Warm

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14
Q

Reagents and conditions for electrophilic addition of alkene into haloalkane

A

X2/HX
Room temp

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15
Q

Reagents and conditions for reduction of alkene into alkane

A

H2
Room temp

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16
Q

Reagents and conditions for hydration of alkene into alcohol

A

Steam
300°C, 60 atm, H3PO4 catalyst

17
Q

Reagents and conditions for free radical substitution of alkane into haloalkane

A

Br2/Cl2
UV light

18
Q

Reagents and conditions for reduction of ketone/alcohol into alcohol

A

NaBH4
Aqueous

19
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic addition of ketone/aldehyde into 2-hydroxynitrile

A

KCN/NaCN + H2SO4

20
Q

Reagents and conditions for elimination of alcohol into alkene

A

Conc H2SO4
Heat

21
Q

Reagents and conditions for oxidation of alcohol into ketone/aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
Heat + distill (aldehyde)

22
Q

Reagents and conditions for esterification of alcohol into ester

A

Carboxylic acid + H2SO4
Heat

23
Q

Reagents and conditions for elimination of haloalkane into alkene

A

KOH
Ethanolic + warm

24
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into alcohol

A

NaOH/KOH
Aqueous, warm, reflux

25
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into nitrile
KCN Aqueous, ethanolic, reflux
26
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into amine
NH3 Alcoholic, heat, pressure
27
Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic addition-elimination of amine into amide
Acyl chloride Room temp
28
Reagents and conditions for oxidation of aldehyde into carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4 Heat + reflux
29
Reagents and conditions for reduction of nitrile into amine
LiAlH4 In ether Or H2 With Ni catalyst
30
Reagents and conditions for esterification of carboxylic acid into ester
Alcohol + H2SO4 Heat