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A Level Chemistry > Mechanisms > Flashcards

Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

How can alkenes react ?

A

Electrophilic addition with H2, Br2, HBr or H2SO4 to from alkane/haloalkane/dihaloalkane/alkyl hydrogen sulphate
Hydration using H+ from conc H3PO4 and water to form alcohol
Addition polymer

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2
Q

How can haloalkanes react?

A

Elimination with OH^- from KOH to form alkene
Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous OH^- ions from NaOH/ CN^- ions from KCN/ with amine/ammonia to form alcohol/nitrile/amine

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3
Q

How can alcohols react?

A

Elimination/dehydration with H^+ from H2SO4/H3PO4 to from alkene
Oxidation using acidified K2Cr2O7 to form aldehyde/ketone
Esterification to form ester

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4
Q

How can alkanes react?

A

Free radical substitution using halogen to form haloalkane
Cracking (thermal/catalytic)

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5
Q

How can aldehydes react

A

Oxidation using acidified K2Cr2O7 to form carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic addition using CN^- from XCN and H+ from sulphuric acid to form hydroxynitrile
Reduction/Nucleophilic addition using NaBH4 to form alcohol

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6
Q

How can ketones react

A

Nucleophilic addition using H+ from water/weak acid to form alcohol
Nucleophilic addition using CN^- XCN and H+ from sulphuric acid to from hydroxynitrile
Nucleophilic addition/reduction using NaBH4 to form alcohol

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7
Q

How can carboxylic acids react

A

Esterification with alcohol and H2SO4
Condensation to from poly(ester)-diol + dicarboxylic acid /poly(amide)-diamine + dicarboxylic acid

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8
Q

How can nitriles react

A

Reduction - LiAlH4 in ether / H2 with Ni Catalyst

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9
Q

How can acyl chloride/acid anhydride React

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination with water/alcohol/ammonia/amine to form carboxylic acid/ester/amine

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10
Q

How can amines react

A

Nucleophilic substitution of primary with haloalkane to form secondary/tertiary/quaternary salt
Can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids

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11
Q

How can esters react

A

Can be hydrolysed by NaOH and acids

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12
Q

How can alkyl hydrogensulphates react

A

Hydrolysis in warm water to form alcohol

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13
Q

Reagents and conditions for electrophilic addition of alkene into alkyl hydrogensulphate

A

Conc H2SO4
Warm

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14
Q

Reagents and conditions for electrophilic addition of alkene into haloalkane

A

X2/HX
Room temp

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15
Q

Reagents and conditions for reduction of alkene into alkane

A

H2
Room temp

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16
Q

Reagents and conditions for hydration of alkene into alcohol

A

Steam
300°C, 60 atm, H3PO4 catalyst

17
Q

Reagents and conditions for free radical substitution of alkane into haloalkane

A

Br2/Cl2
UV light

18
Q

Reagents and conditions for reduction of ketone/alcohol into alcohol

A

NaBH4
Aqueous

19
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic addition of ketone/aldehyde into 2-hydroxynitrile

A

KCN/NaCN + H2SO4

20
Q

Reagents and conditions for elimination of alcohol into alkene

A

Conc H2SO4
Heat

21
Q

Reagents and conditions for oxidation of alcohol into ketone/aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
Heat + distill (aldehyde)

22
Q

Reagents and conditions for esterification of alcohol into ester

A

Carboxylic acid + H2SO4
Heat

23
Q

Reagents and conditions for elimination of haloalkane into alkene

A

KOH
Ethanolic + warm

24
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into alcohol

A

NaOH/KOH
Aqueous, warm, reflux

25
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into nitrile

A

KCN
Aqueous, ethanolic, reflux

26
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkane into amine

A

NH3
Alcoholic, heat, pressure

27
Q

Reagents and conditions for nucleophilic addition-elimination of amine into amide

A

Acyl chloride
Room temp

28
Q

Reagents and conditions for oxidation of aldehyde into carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4
Heat + reflux

29
Q

Reagents and conditions for reduction of nitrile into amine

A

LiAlH4
In ether
Or H2
With Ni catalyst

30
Q

Reagents and conditions for esterification of carboxylic acid into ester

A

Alcohol + H2SO4
Heat

A Level Chemistry (36 decks)

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