3.3.1 Nomenclature

Question 1

IUPAC rules

Answer 1

One language of chemistry allows ideas and theories to be communicated across world well e.g. when testing theories + agreeing/ disputing theories
Rules of naming alkanes
Prefix- longest carbon chain + functional group e.g. propane
Branched chains names in alphabetic order e.g. ethyl before methyl
Cycloalkanes- names in same way, add prefix cyclo before alkane name e.g. cyclobutane
If other elements present, add that to start e.g. 3-chloro-2,2-dimethylbutane

Question 2

Order of priority of functional groups (lowest to highest)

Answer 2

Halogens e.g. chloro
Alkyl groups e.g. methyl 
Alkenes e.g. propene
Other functional groups e.g. butanal 
Order of naming: lowest to highest priority

Question 3

Structural Isomers

Answer 3

Same molecular formula + different structural formula
Chain isomers - different arrangement of carbon chain
Position isomers - same atoms (groups) attached but to different C atoms
Functional group isomers - same atoms arranged in different functional groups

Question 4

Stereo isomers

Answer 4

Same structural formula but atoms arranged differently in space
E/Z isomerism in C-C double bonds
E- opposite, Z-same
E.g. E-but-2-ene + Z-but-2-ene

Question 5

Why does stereoisomerism work?

Answer 5

Double C-C bond means atoms can’t rotate around them like they can around single bonds. The double bonds are fairly rigid so don’t bend much. The C-C double bond are planar as they both lie on the same chain. The atoms bonded to the carbon bonds form imaginary equilateral triangles so are said to be trigonal planar

Question 6

Racemic mixture + explanation

Answer 6

Equal number of optical isomers
Planar. Attack from each side equally as likely

Question 7

Name the functional group isomers

Answer 7

Alcohols (OH) and ethers
Aldehydes and ketones (-O-)
Carboxylic acids (COOH) and esters (COO)
Cycloalkanes and alkenes