Mechanism of Action

Question 1

ADRENALINE

Answer 1

• A NATURALLY OCCURING SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENT
• CAUSES PERIPHERAL VASOCONSTRICTION
• STIMULATION OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM CAUSES INCREASED CONTRACTIONS
• CAUSES BRONCHODILATION AND DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS IN MUSCLES

Question 2

AMIODARONE

Answer 2

• A CLASS III ANTI-DYSRHYTHMIC AGENT THAT PROLONGS ACTION POTENTIAL DURATION AND REFRACTORY PERIOD OF ATRIAL, NODAL AND VENTRICULAR TISSUE

Question 3

ASPIRIN

Answer 3

• ANALGESIC
• ANTIPYRETIC
• ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
• ANTI-PLATELET AGGREGATION AGENT
• MINIMISES PLATELET AGGREGATION AND THROMBUS FORMATION TO RETARD PROGRESSION OF CORONARY ARTERY THROMBUS

Question 4

ATROPINE

Answer 4

• ANTI-CHOLINERGIC AGENT THAT INHIBITS THE ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON POST GANGLIONIC NERVES AT THE NEUROEFFECTOR SITE
• BLOCKS VAGAL STIMULATION TO ALLOW SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE TO
  - INCREASE HR
  - INCREASE SA NODE FIRING RATE
  - INCREASED CONDUCTION VELOCITY
  THROUGH THE AV NODE
• ANTIDOTE TO REVERSE EFFECTS OF CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS –> ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

Question 5

COPHENYCAINE

Answer 5

• A TOPICAL ANAESTETIC AGENT AND HAEMORRHAGE CONTROL AGENT FOR RELIEF OF SURFACE PAIN, NASAL AND ORAL BLEEDING

Question 6

FENTANYL

Answer 6

• A SHORT ACTING SYNTHETIC NARCOTIC ANALGESIC

Question 7

GLUCAGON

Answer 7

• A HYPERGLYCAEMIC AGENT THAT CONVERTS STORED LIVER GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE TO INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

Question 8

GLUCOSE 10%

Answer 8

• A HYPERTONIC CRYSTALLOID SOLUTION THAT PROVIDES A READILY AVAILABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

Question 9

GLUCOSE ORAL GEL

Answer 9

• RAPIDLY ABSORBED FROM ORAL/BUCCAL MUCOSA TO INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION

Question 10

GTN

Answer 10

• NITRATE THAT CAUSES THE RELAXATION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE RESULTING IN:
  - VASODILATION
  - PERIPHERAL POOLING
  - REDUCED LV AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
  (PRELOAD)
  - REDUCED SYSTEMIC VASC. RESISTANCE
  (AFTERLOAD)
  - REDUCED MYOCARDIAL ENERGY AND
  OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
  - RELAXES SPASM OF CORONARY ARTERIES

Question 11

HEPARIN

Answer 11

• NATURALLY OCCURING ANTICOAGULANT WHICH INHIBITS THE CLOTTING OF BLOOD BY ENHANCING THE RATE AT WHICH ANTITHROMBIN III NEUTRALISES THROMBIN AND ACTIVATED FACTOR X (Xa)

Question 12

NORMAL SALINE

Answer 12

• A STERILE ISOTONIC CRYSTALLOID SOLUTION

Question 13

IPRATROPIUM

Answer 13

• AN ANTICHOLINERGIC BRONCHODILATOR

- INHIBITS THE VAGAL REFLEXES THAT MEDIATE BRONCHOSPASM

Question 14

KETAMINE

Answer 14

• RAPID ACTING DISSOCIATIVE ANAESTHETIC

Question 15

LIGNOCAINE

Answer 15

• SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER

- PREVENTS THE INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF NERVE IMPULSES

Question 16

METHOXYFLURANE

Answer 16

• A HALOGENATED ETHER THAT PRODUCES POWERFUL MODIFICATION OF THE AWARENESS OF PAIN WITH AN ASSOCIATED LIGHT HEADED SENSATION
• HIGHLY LIPID SOLUBLE, ALLOWING FOR SLOW INDUCTION AND EMERGENCE

Question 17

MIDAZOLAM

Answer 17

• WATER-SOLUBLE BENZODIAZEPINE THAT HAS ANXIOLYTIC, SEDATIVE AND ANTICONVULSIVE CHARACTERISTICS.
• BONDS WITH RECEPTORS IN THE CNS TO INCREASE THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF GABA
• LIPID-SOLUBLE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL pH AND REACHES THE CNS QUICKLY

Question 18

NALOXONE

Answer 18

• A PURE OPIOID ANTAGONIST THAT EXERTS ITS EFFECT BY COMPETITIVE INHIBITION AT OPIOID RECEPTOR SITES
• IT PREVENTS/REVERSES THE EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS INCLUDING:
  - RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
  - SEDATION
  - HYPOTENSION
• IN THE ABSENCE OF OPIOIDS IT EXHIBITS NO PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Question 19

ONDANSETRON

Answer 19

• ANTI-NAUSEANT/ANTI-EMETIC
• SELECTIVE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST BLOCKING SEROTONIN CENTRALLY IN THE CHEMORECEPTOR TRIGGER ZONE AND PERIPHERALLY ON VAGUS NERVE TERMINALS

Question 20

OXYGEN

Answer 20

• TREATMENT FOR HYPOXAEMIA

- SHOWN TO HAVE NO EFFECT ON BREATHLESSNESS IN NON-HYPOXAEMIC PTS

Question 21

PARACETAMOL

Answer 21

• A P-AMINOPHENOL DERIVATIVE THAT EXHIBITS ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY

Question 22

PREDNISOLONE

Answer 22

• A STERIOD THAT PREVENTS THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS

Question 23

SALBUTAMOL

Answer 23

• SHORT ACTING BETA-2 ADRENO-RECEPTOR STIMULANT
• CAUSES RELAXATION OF BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
  SYMPATHOMIMETIC