mechanis

Question 1

how do u make a ketal

Answer 1

from a ketone and a alcohol

Question 2

hew do u make a hemi ketal

Answer 2

from a ketone and alcohol next it continues to make a ketal

Question 3

how do u make hemi acetal

Answer 3

from a aldehyde and an alchol next ot makes acetal

Question 4

how do u make acetal

Answer 4

aldehyde and alcohol

Question 5

reaction with aldehyde and ketone with water makes

Answer 5

a hydrate but first goes through a transition state

Question 6

whan does sn2 reactions happen

Answer 6

very good nucleophile and primary and 3 sunstance 1 transition state
inversionof steriochem

Question 7

wnhen does sn1 happen

Answer 7

weak and large nu
3
very good leaving group
stabilized carbocation- make it planar
makes a racemic mixture

Question 8

what happens to the alpha carbon next to a carbonyl

Answer 8

the protons are very acidic and base attachs it normally to create an enolate

Question 9

how do u make an ester

Answer 9

acyl chloride and alcohol
carboxylic acid and alcohol- catalyst

Question 10

how to make an amide

Answer 10

acyl chloride and amine
cant do it with carboxylic acid and amine as kit will make a salt due due to acid and base make a salt

Question 11

how does nature make amide bonds from carboxylic acid

Answer 11

thioester, actyl coa thioester, acyl phosphate

Question 12

hydrolysis of an ester

Answer 12

produces carboxylic acid and an alcohol- in acid
with a base it produces a carboxylate and and alcohol due to the nucleophile be more nucleophilic

Question 13

hydrolysis of an amide

Answer 13

in acid the carbonyl need to be protonated by an acid so that the amide is no longer basic and the electrons become localized- it produces a carboxylic acid and an NH3 then to an ammonium due to the acid

with a base the it produce amine with a carboxylic acid but as its in basic condition it becomes a carboxylate