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Ortho BMSc > Mechanics: Unit 3 Lower limb (online) > Flashcards

Mechanics: Unit 3 Lower limb (online) Flashcards

1
Q

What produces synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane

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2
Q

Why is the hip intrinsically stable?

A

it has a strong capsule, ligaments and is surrounded by large strong muscles

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3
Q

Which movement does the hip carry out in

a) sagittal plane?
b) frontal plane?
c) transverse plane?

A

a) flexion/extension
b) abduction/adduction
c) external/ internal rotation

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4
Q

In which plane of movement does the hip have the greatest ROM?

A

sagittal (flexion/extension)

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5
Q

How many degrees of flexion and extension is there at the hip?

A

flexion: 140
extension: 20

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6
Q

How many degrees of abduction and adduction is there at the hip?

A

abduction 30

adduction 20

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7
Q

How many degrees of rotation is there at the hip?

A

external 90

internal 70

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8
Q

How many degrees of each type of movement are required at the gip to perform activities of daily movement?

A

110 flexion/extension
20 abduction/adduction
15 rotation

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9
Q

How much of TBW is

a) upper body?
b) lower body?

A

a) 70%

b) 30%

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10
Q

In bilateral stance what forces must be considered at the hips?

A

external as no muscles are active ie. weight of upper body and 2 reaction forces

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11
Q

In bilateral stance what are the reaction forces equal to?

A

1/2 WHAT (weight of head, arms and torso)

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12
Q

What changes the forces at the hip during unilateral stance?

A

abductor muscles contract to stabilise the hip

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13
Q

Which forces must be considered at the hip during unilateral stance?

A

weight of the lower limb
abductor muscle force
joint force
ground reaction force

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14
Q

What is ground reaction force equal to?

A

equal and opposite of TBW

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15
Q

What are the two articulations of the knee joint?

A

tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

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16
Q

Which structures change the shape of the proximal tibia from flat to concave?

A

menisci

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17
Q

What are menisci?

A

crescent-shaped fibrocartilage that acts to aid stability of the knee, distribute the load and absorb shock

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18
Q

Describe the distal femur

A

2 condyes

trochlea

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19
Q

What does the trochlea become and what lies inside?

A

intercondylar notch

cruciate ligaments

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20
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

a bone found inside a tendon

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21
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone and where is it found?

A

patella

inside the quadriceps femoris tendon

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22
Q

What does the fibula do?

A

anchors biceps femoris muscle and the lateral collateral ligament

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23
Q

What movements do the cruciate ligaments prevent?

A

posterior movement of femur on tibia (sagging)

hyperextension of knee

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24
Q

What movements does the
a) medial collateral
b) lateral collateral
ligament prevent?

A

a) abduction

b) adduction

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25
Q

What sort of joint is the knee?

A

hinge joint but with changing axis of rotation

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26
Q

Describe how the knee joint’s centre of rotation changes in the sagittal plane as it flexes and extends.

A

semi-circular path due to condyle shape and restriction of ligaments

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27
Q

What does the screw-home mechanism describe?

A

the spiral motion of the knee joint as it flexes and extends in 3 planes because the medial condyle is longer than the lateral condyle

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28
Q

What movements does the knee allow for other than flexion and extension?

A

limited amount of ab/adduction and rotation

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29
Q

In which plane does the majority of knee motion occur and why?

A

sagittal plane due to tibiofemoral articulation

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30
Q

How much flexion and extension is there at the knee?

A

flexion 140

extension <5

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31
Q

How is the range of motion in the transverse plane dependent on the amount of flexion and extension?

A

almost zero at full extension, increases with flexion to a maximum at around 90° of flexion and reduces with further flexion.

due to interlocking of femoral and tibial condyles

32
Q

What movements does the knee require for daily movement?

A

115 flexion

10 rotation

33
Q

What is the main function of the patella?

A

It assists knee extension by increasing the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle force by displacing the quadriceps tendon.

34
Q

When does the patella increase the lever arm of the quads muscle?

A

in full extension

35
Q

What are the two main functions of the menisci?

A

shock absorb

distribute load across larger SA

36
Q

When the menisci are removed how does this affect the stress in the joint tissues?

A

stress on point of contact

increases 3x

37
Q

Which bones make up the ankle?

A

tibia, fibula and talus

38
Q

What are the 3 articulations of the ankle?

A

distal tibiofibular
tibiotalar
fibulotalar

39
Q

What is the

a) medial malleolus?
b) lateral malleolus?

A

a) bony prominence formed by tibia

b) bony prominence formed by fibula

40
Q

What are the 3 main ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

anterior inferior talofibular
lateral ligament
medial ligament

41
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle and what is the primary plane of movement?

A

hinge joint

sagittal

42
Q

What point do we take the axis of rotation of the ankle joint from?

A

line between lateral and medial malleoli

43
Q

What degree of dorsi and plantarflexion does the ankle joint allow for?

A

15 dorsi

30 plantar

44
Q

How many bones and joints are there in the foot?

A

26 bones

57 joints

45
Q

What comprises the hindfoot?

A

talus and calcaneous

46
Q

What comprises the midfoot?

A

cuboid
cuneiforms
navicular

47
Q

What comprises the forefoot?

A

metatarsals and phalanges

48
Q

Between which two bones does the sub-talar joint lie?

A

talus and calcaneous

49
Q

Which movement does the sub-talar joint allow for? to what degree?

A

20 degrees of inversion

5 degrees of eversion

50
Q

Describe the arches of the foot

A

5 longitudinal from calcaneous to tarsals

1 transverse

51
Q

Name the ligamentous structure which supports the longitudinal arches of the foot

A

plantar fascia

52
Q

When is the plantar fascia put under tension?

A

when the toes dorsiflex

53
Q

What is reciprocal gait?

A

lower limbs used alternatively to provide support and protection eg normal walking

54
Q

How many steps in a gait cycle?

A

2

55
Q

What is the stance phase of a gait cycle?

A

a foot in contact with the ground

56
Q

What is the swing phase of a gait cycle?

A

a foot loses contact with the ground

57
Q

What is double support?

A

when both feet are in contact with the ground

58
Q

List the events that occur in reciprocal gait

A 
heel contact
flat foot
mid stance
heel off
toe off 
mid swing
heel contact
59
Q

What step separates the two stages of the gait cycle

A

toe off

60
Q

Which lower limb joint has the greatest range of motion during reciprocal gait?

A

the knee

61
Q

What is a ground reaction force?

A

the equal and opposite force the ground exerts when the foot exerts a force on the ground

62
Q

What causes the first vertical peak of ground reaction force?

A

deceleration of body weight as weight transfers on to foot

63
Q

What causes the second vertical peak of ground reaction force?

A

foot pushes off the ground

64
Q

Why do hip extensors contract after heel contact?

A

extension prevents body from falling forward

65
Q

Why do the hamstrings contract at heel contact?

A

cause a small flexion to prevent hyperextension

66
Q

Why does plantar flexion increase just before toe off?

A

as triceps surae contracts to push the foot up and off the ground

67
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the plantar fascia.

A

anatomy:
extends from os calcis to phalanges
ligamentous structure

function:
shock absorber
supports longitudinal arches + prevent them collapsing due to downward forces at ankle
joint bones of foot so they move as one when the toes dorsiflex

68
Q

Which lower limb joint has the least range of motion during reciprocal gait?

A

the ankle

69
Q

What is the range of motion at the hip during reciprocal gait?

A

30 flexion to 15 extension

70
Q

When does hip flexion peak during reciprocal gait? Why?

A

shortly after mid- swing to ensure a long step

71
Q

When does hip extension peak during reciprocal gait?

A

before toe off as leg is left trailing behind

72
Q

What is the range of motion at the knee during reciprocal gait?

A

from a few degrees to 70 degrees of flexion

73
Q

When does knee flexion peak during reciprocal gait? Why?

A

during the swing phase as the knee is flexed to allow the foot to clear the ground as it swings past the other limb

74
Q

What is the range of motion at the ankle during reciprocal gait?

A

15 degrees of plantarflexion to 10 degrees of dorsiflexion

75
Q

When does peak ankle dorsiflexion occur? why?

A

heel off as the foot is left trailing behind the rest of the body.

76
Q

When does peak ankle plantarflexion occur?

A

toe off, flat foot

Ortho BMSc (14 decks)

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