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Ortho BMSc > Mechanics: Unit 3 Lower limb (online) > Flashcards

Mechanics: Unit 3 Lower limb (online) Flashcards

1
Q

What produces synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane

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2
Q

Why is the hip intrinsically stable?

A

it has a strong capsule, ligaments and is surrounded by large strong muscles

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3
Q

Which movement does the hip carry out in

a) sagittal plane?
b) frontal plane?
c) transverse plane?

A

a) flexion/extension
b) abduction/adduction
c) external/ internal rotation

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4
Q

In which plane of movement does the hip have the greatest ROM?

A

sagittal (flexion/extension)

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5
Q

How many degrees of flexion and extension is there at the hip?

A

flexion: 140
extension: 20

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6
Q

How many degrees of abduction and adduction is there at the hip?

A

abduction 30

adduction 20

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7
Q

How many degrees of rotation is there at the hip?

A

external 90

internal 70

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8
Q

How many degrees of each type of movement are required at the gip to perform activities of daily movement?

A

110 flexion/extension
20 abduction/adduction
15 rotation

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9
Q

How much of TBW is

a) upper body?
b) lower body?

A

a) 70%

b) 30%

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10
Q

In bilateral stance what forces must be considered at the hips?

A

external as no muscles are active ie. weight of upper body and 2 reaction forces

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11
Q

In bilateral stance what are the reaction forces equal to?

A

1/2 WHAT (weight of head, arms and torso)

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12
Q

What changes the forces at the hip during unilateral stance?

A

abductor muscles contract to stabilise the hip

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13
Q

Which forces must be considered at the hip during unilateral stance?

A

weight of the lower limb
abductor muscle force
joint force
ground reaction force

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14
Q

What is ground reaction force equal to?

A

equal and opposite of TBW

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15
Q

What are the two articulations of the knee joint?

A

tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

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16
Q

Which structures change the shape of the proximal tibia from flat to concave?

A

menisci

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17
Q

What are menisci?

A

crescent-shaped fibrocartilage that acts to aid stability of the knee, distribute the load and absorb shock

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18
Q

Describe the distal femur

A

2 condyes

trochlea

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19
Q

What does the trochlea become and what lies inside?

A

intercondylar notch

cruciate ligaments

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20
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

a bone found inside a tendon

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21
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone and where is it found?

A

patella

inside the quadriceps femoris tendon

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22
Q

What does the fibula do?

A

anchors biceps femoris muscle and the lateral collateral ligament

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23
Q

What movements do the cruciate ligaments prevent?

A

posterior movement of femur on tibia (sagging)

hyperextension of knee

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24
Q

What movements does the
a) medial collateral
b) lateral collateral
ligament prevent?

A

a) abduction

b) adduction

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25
What sort of joint is the knee?
hinge joint but with changing axis of rotation
26
Describe how the knee joint’s centre of rotation changes in the sagittal plane as it flexes and extends.
semi-circular path due to condyle shape and restriction of ligaments
27
What does the screw-home mechanism describe?
the spiral motion of the knee joint as it flexes and extends in 3 planes because the medial condyle is longer than the lateral condyle
28
What movements does the knee allow for other than flexion and extension?
limited amount of ab/adduction and rotation
29
In which plane does the majority of knee motion occur and why?
sagittal plane due to tibiofemoral articulation
30
How much flexion and extension is there at the knee?
flexion 140 | extension <5
31
How is the range of motion in the transverse plane dependent on the amount of flexion and extension?
almost zero at full extension, increases with flexion to a maximum at around 90° of flexion and reduces with further flexion. due to interlocking of femoral and tibial condyles
32
What movements does the knee require for daily movement?
115 flexion | 10 rotation
33
What is the main function of the patella?
It assists knee extension by increasing the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle force by displacing the quadriceps tendon.
34
When does the patella increase the lever arm of the quads muscle?
in full extension
35
What are the two main functions of the menisci?
shock absorb | distribute load across larger SA
36
When the menisci are removed how does this affect the stress in the joint tissues?
stress on point of contact | increases 3x
37
Which bones make up the ankle?
tibia, fibula and talus
38
What are the 3 articulations of the ankle?
distal tibiofibular tibiotalar fibulotalar
39
What is the a) medial malleolus? b) lateral malleolus?
a) bony prominence formed by tibia | b) bony prominence formed by fibula
40
What are the 3 main ligaments of the ankle joint?
anterior inferior talofibular lateral ligament medial ligament
41
What kind of joint is the ankle and what is the primary plane of movement?
hinge joint | sagittal
42
What point do we take the axis of rotation of the ankle joint from?
line between lateral and medial malleoli
43
What degree of dorsi and plantarflexion does the ankle joint allow for?
15 dorsi | 30 plantar
44
How many bones and joints are there in the foot?
26 bones | 57 joints
45
What comprises the hindfoot?
talus and calcaneous
46
What comprises the midfoot?
cuboid cuneiforms navicular
47
What comprises the forefoot?
metatarsals and phalanges
48
Between which two bones does the sub-talar joint lie?
talus and calcaneous
49
Which movement does the sub-talar joint allow for? to what degree?
20 degrees of inversion | 5 degrees of eversion
50
Describe the arches of the foot
5 longitudinal from calcaneous to tarsals | 1 transverse
51
Name the ligamentous structure which supports the longitudinal arches of the foot
plantar fascia
52
When is the plantar fascia put under tension?
when the toes dorsiflex
53
What is reciprocal gait?
lower limbs used alternatively to provide support and protection eg normal walking
54
How many steps in a gait cycle?
2
55
What is the stance phase of a gait cycle?
a foot in contact with the ground
56
What is the swing phase of a gait cycle?
a foot loses contact with the ground
57
What is double support?
when both feet are in contact with the ground
58
List the events that occur in reciprocal gait
``` heel contact flat foot mid stance heel off toe off mid swing heel contact ```
59
What step separates the two stages of the gait cycle
toe off
60
Which lower limb joint has the greatest range of motion during reciprocal gait?
the knee
61
What is a ground reaction force?
the equal and opposite force the ground exerts when the foot exerts a force on the ground
62
What causes the first vertical peak of ground reaction force?
deceleration of body weight as weight transfers on to foot
63
What causes the second vertical peak of ground reaction force?
foot pushes off the ground
64
Why do hip extensors contract after heel contact?
extension prevents body from falling forward
65
Why do the hamstrings contract at heel contact?
cause a small flexion to prevent hyperextension
66
Why does plantar flexion increase just before toe off?
as triceps surae contracts to push the foot up and off the ground
67
Describe the anatomy and function of the plantar fascia.
anatomy: extends from os calcis to phalanges ligamentous structure function: shock absorber supports longitudinal arches + prevent them collapsing due to downward forces at ankle joint bones of foot so they move as one when the toes dorsiflex
68
Which lower limb joint has the least range of motion during reciprocal gait?
the ankle
69
What is the range of motion at the hip during reciprocal gait?
30 flexion to 15 extension
70
When does hip flexion peak during reciprocal gait? Why?
shortly after mid- swing to ensure a long step
71
When does hip extension peak during reciprocal gait?
before toe off as leg is left trailing behind
72
What is the range of motion at the knee during reciprocal gait?
from a few degrees to 70 degrees of flexion
73
When does knee flexion peak during reciprocal gait? Why?
during the swing phase as the knee is flexed to allow the foot to clear the ground as it swings past the other limb
74
What is the range of motion at the ankle during reciprocal gait?
15 degrees of plantarflexion to 10 degrees of dorsiflexion
75
When does peak ankle dorsiflexion occur? why?
heel off as the foot is left trailing behind the rest of the body.
76
When does peak ankle plantarflexion occur?
toe off, flat foot

Ortho BMSc (14 decks)

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