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Block 2 - intro lectures > Mechanics of breathing > Flashcards

Mechanics of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in quiet respiration?

A

Inspiration is active, expiration is passive

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2
Q

What happens in increased tidal volume?

A

Breathe out below functional residual capacity

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3
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Volume left in lungs when breathe out

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4
Q

What are the components of the chest wall?

A

Ribcage, diaphragm & abdomen

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5
Q

What do the external and internal intercostal muscles do?

A

External - help move ribs up in inspiration

Internal - help move ribs down in expiration

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6
Q

What is the principle muscle of respiration and how is it innervated?

A

Diaphragm - phrenic (C3,4,5)

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7
Q

What are the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration - scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm

Expiration (active) - abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, pectoral girdles

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8
Q

What lines the lungs?

A

The visceral pleura, which is covered by the parietal pleura

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9
Q

What is in between the parietal & visceral pleura?

A

The pleural cavity - filled with pleural fluid

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10
Q

Why is the pleural seal important?

A

The pleural fluid acts as a lubricant so movements of the chest wall + diaphragm permit expansion of the lungs.
The pleural seal brings the chest into an equilibrium

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11
Q

What happens if the integrity of the seal is broken?

A

Lung collapse –> pneumothorax

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12
Q

What is compliance?

A

Willingness of the lungs to expand

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13
Q

What is elastance?

A

Willingness of lungs to return to resting position

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14
Q

When are the lungs least compliant (most stiff)?

A

At extremes of volume - start of inspiration & expiration

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15
Q

Does emphysema increase or decrease compliance?

A

Increase

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16
Q

Does fibrosis increase or decrease compliance?

A

Decrease

17
Q

What do type II pneumocytes secrete?

A

Surfactant

18
Q

What are the functions of surfactant?

A
  • Reduce surface tension
  • Stabilise lung structure
  • Reduce tendency for fluid transudation
  • Lipid component has antioxidant activity
  • Proteins A + D have immune responses
19
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Premature infants born before 28 weeks when surfactant secretion begins - lack surfactant.

Can also occur in adults due to damage of lungs.

20
Q

What are the 3 resistances that help to fill the lungs?

A
  • Elastic recoil of the lungs
  • Resistance of airways to flow of air
  • Frictional forces arising from movement of lung relative to chest wall → tissue resistance
21
Q

Where is the greatest resistance in the pulmonary airways?

A

Medium sized bronchi

22
Q

What 3 factors affect resistance in the lungs?

A
  • ANS
  • Lung volume - increased volume increases airway diameter
  • Turbulent vs laminar flow
23
Q

How can lung function be tested in clinical practice?

A

PEFR

Spirometry

Block 2 - intro lectures (6 decks)

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