mechanics, materials, electricity Flashcards
Current
- Movement of charge carriers
- The rate of flow of charge carriers in a circuit
The greater the Current…
- The more carriers that flow
- The quicker the charge carriers flow
What is EMF?
The energy supplied by the power source to each unit of charge (1C)
- 1C = 1As
- EMF = P.D + Lost Volts
- lost volts = energy lost due to resistance.
What are lost volts?
Energy dissipated per unit charge
What is potential difference?
The energy transferred from the charge to the output of the electrical circuit is the P.D..
/
ability for the charge carriers to do work
Kirchoff’s 1st Law
Law 1: charge is conserved in an electrical circuit
- The sum of current into a junction = sum of current out of
a junction
- at a junction current splits in inverse to total resistance of
each path (e.g. see example below)
- Current entering a component is the same as current
leaving a component.
- The current passing through two or more components in series is the same through each.
Kirchoff’s 2nd Law
Law 2: energy is conserved in an electrical circuit.
- loop law/closed circuit law
- the algebraic sum of P.D.s in any loop must equal zero
- can find P.D. at component using the Directly Proportional relationship of P.D. and Resistance.
- Potential difference across components in parallel are the same (each loop is considered a closed system)
- For any complete loop of a circuit, the sum of the EMF is equal to the sum of the potential drop around the loop.
Principle of Moments
Anti-Clockwise Moments = Clockwise Moments
Magnitude of Moments
The moment is dependent on
- the magnitude of the force ( larger force, greater moment)
- perpendicular distance ( greater distance, greater moment)
M=fd
NM = N x m
Couples
A couple is a pair of forces acting on a body that are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, acting parallel to one another, but not along the same line
thus the resultant force is zero but the resultant moment is a non-zero value
A couple causes a turning effect but not by accelerating, instead by changing direction.
Centre of Mass & Weight
The point at which all the mass of an object is concentrated
The point at which all the weight of an object is concentrated
CM —> M
CM^2 —-> M^2
CM^3 —> M^2
%\x1000
%\x 10,000
%\x 1,000,000
Hooke’s Law
The force needed to stretch or compress a material is directly proportional to the extension or compression of the material from its natural length provided the limit of proportionality hasn’t need exceeded.
What is the UTS?
The ultimate tensile stress of a material is the greatest stress a material can handle.
_ for materials with high UTS’ we consider them to be stronger materials.
Brittle
A material that fractures without significant plastic deformation.
Ductile
The degree to which a material can withstand plastic deformation without fracturing.
Newton’s 1st Law
Object remains at rest or at constant velocity unless a resultant force is enacted upon it.
Inertia
- The tendency for an object to resist changes in velocity.
- ## Objects of greater mass have a greater inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law
The resultant force is directly proportional to the product of an object’s mass and acceleration
Why may an object moving upwards but slowing down experience a force downwards/ feel lighter?
Because an object decelerating is the same as on object accelerating downwards, thus the resultant force is downwards.
Newton’s Third law
If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force of the same type on object A.
- The action and reaction forces must be the same and equal.
How does newton’s third law explain the motion of a vehicle?
The frictional force of the tire on the ground pushes it back whilst the frictional force of the ground on the tire pushes it forwards.
Conservation of Momentum
the momentum before = momentum after
given a CLOSED SYSTEM with NO external forces
Circuits in Parallel
- For components in parallel the potential difference is the same
- The total current in to a junction must equal the total current out of the junction
- Most of the current flows through the route with the smallest resistance.
- adding resistors in parallel decreases TOTAL resistance by providing an additional path for the current to flow through.