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Physics > Mechanics and Materials > Flashcards

Mechanics and Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

1 gcm-³

A

1000 kgm-³

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2
Q

1 ml

A

1 cm³

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3
Q

cuboid volume equation

A

l x w x h

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4
Q

sphere volume equation

A

(4/3)πr³

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5
Q

cylinder volume equation

A

πr²h

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6
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

force needed to stretch a material is directly proportional to the extension of the material from its natural length, up to the limit of proportionality

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7
Q

cm³ to m³

A

x 10^-6

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8
Q

when a compressive force is applied to a spring

A

the spring squashes

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9
Q

when a tensile force is applied to a spring

A

the spring stretches

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10
Q

restoring force

A

a force that always acts to pull an oscillating system back toward equilibrium

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11
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

point past where Hooke’s law is obeyed

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12
Q

elastic limit

A

The point beyond which a material will not return to its original shape once the force is removed

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13
Q

elastic deformation

A

material returns to its original shape once the forces are removed

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14
Q

plastic deformation

A

material is permanently changed after the force has been removed

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15
Q

springs in series

A

1/K = 1/K1 + 1/K2

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16
Q

springs in parallel

A

K = K1 + K2

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17
Q

elastic strain energy

A

the work done by the load in stretching the material

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18
Q

Beyond elastic limit

A

the unloading line is parallel to loading line as k is constant

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19
Q

tensile stress

A

force per unit area

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20
Q

Tensile stress equation

A

σ = F/A

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21
Q

tensile strain

A

change in length divided by the original length of the material

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22
Q

tensile strain equation

A

ε = ΔL/L

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23
Q

yield point

A

point beyond which a small increase in stress causes a large increase in strain

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24
Q

ultimate tensile stress

A

The maximum stress that can be applied to an object before it breaks.

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25
Q

Young’s Modulus, E

A

A measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and defined by stress/strain.

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26
Q

brittle material

A

snaps without yield, obeys hooke’s law

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27
Q

ductile material

A

can be drawn into wire

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28
Q

stiffness of a material

A

a measure of how much it will extend for a given force

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29
Q

how is the strength of a material determined?

A

by the force required to break it

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30
Q

what is the stiffness of a material a measure of?

A

how much it will extend for a given force

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31
Q

Elastic strain energy equation

A

E = 1/2 FΔL

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32
Q

scalar quantity

A

a physical quantity with magnitude but no direction

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33
Q

vector quantity

A

a physical quantity with both magnitude and direction

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34
Q

displacement

A

Distance in a given direction

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35
Q

velocity

A

speed in a given direction

36
Q

Representing Vectors

A

Arrow (representative length and arrow head for direction)

37
Q

resultant

A

net effect of all like vectors on a single object

38
Q

Addition of two perpendicular vectors

A
  • pythagoras’ theorem
  • scale diagram
39
Q

resolve

A

to separate a vector into two perpendicular components

40
Q

When an object is in equilibrium

A
  • all the forces acting on the object are balanced
  • the object will be at rest or moving with constant velocity
41
Q

How to solve equilibrium problems with 3 forces

A
  • draw a vector triangle
  • resolve the forces into perpendicular directions
42
Q

Moment

A

turning force

43
Q

Moment equation

A

Force x perpendicular distance from pivot

44
Q

principle of moments

A

the sum of all anticlockwise moments = the sum of all clockwise moments
resultant force is 0 (upwards and downwards)

45
Q

centre of mass

A

The point which you can consider all of an object’s weight to act through.

46
Q

When will an object topple over?

A

if the line of action of its weight falls outside its base

47
Q

When will an object topple over?

A

if the line of action of its weight falls outside its base

48
Q

couple

A

A pair of forces of equal size which act parallel to each other but in opposite directions

49
Q

speed

A

change of distance per unit time

50
Q

motion at a constant speed (equation)

A

s = ut

51
Q

motion in a circle

A

v = 2πr / T

52
Q

motion at changing speed

A

average speed = total distance travelled / total time taken

53
Q

an object moving at constant velocity

A

moves at the same speed without changing direction

54
Q

displacement - time graphs

A

Gradient = velocity

55
Q

velocity of an object moving in a circular path

A

changes continuously as direction changes

56
Q

velocity - time graphs

A
  • gradient = acceleration
  • straight line = uniform acceleration
  • increasing gradient = increasing acceleration
  • decreasing gradient = decreasing acceleration
57
Q

Area under a speed-time graph

A

distance travelled

58
Q

Area under velocity-time graph

A

displacement

59
Q

acceleration - time graph

A

area under graph = velocity

60
Q

SUVAT

A

S = displacement
U = initial velocity
V = final velocity
A = acceleration
T = time

61
Q

suvat - v-t graph (gradient)

A
  • gradient = acceleration
  • v = u + at
62
Q

freefall

A

when the gravitational force is the only force acting on an object
- acceleration = g = 9.81ms-²

63
Q

3 key projectile principles

A
  • The acceleration of the object is g and only affects the
    vertical motion of the object
  • Neglecting the effect of air resistance, the horizontal
    velocity of the object is constant
  • The motions in the horizontal and vertical directions are independent of each other
64
Q

projectile path

A

parabolic

65
Q

How would drag forces affect the work we did on projectiles?

A
  • reaches lower vertical height
  • in less time
  • shorter horizontal range
66
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid/gas) increases, the pressure of the fluid decreases

67
Q

Magnus effect

A

sideways force on a spinning object caused by Newton’s 3rd Law

68
Q

Motion of a powered vehicle

A

Motion of a powered vehicle

69
Q

How to increase a vehicle’s top speed

A
  • increase the driving force (engine size)
  • reducing frictional forces (more streamlined shape)
  • reduce the mass
70
Q

Acceleration of a powered vehicle equation

A

(Fe - Fr) / m

Fe = engine forces
Fr = frictional forces

71
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

an object will remain at rest or continue at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force

72
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

F = ma

the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on it. the change in momentum will be in the same direction as that force

73
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

74
Q

linear momentum

A

the product of the mass and velocity of an object

75
Q

principle of linear momentum

A

assuming no external forces act, the sum of the total linear momentum before a collision is equal to the sum of the total linear momentum after

76
Q

elastic collision

A

one where momentum and kinetic energy are conserved

77
Q

inelastic collision

A

linear momentum is conserved but some of the kinetic energy is converted into other forms

78
Q

the change in momentum of an object is increased by…

A
  • increasing the size of the force applied
  • increasing the time that the force is applied for
79
Q

Impulse equation

A

Ft = ∆mv

80
Q

impulse

A

the product of the average force and interval of time the force is exerted for which is also equal to the change in momentum of an object due to a force applied over time t.

80
Q

impulse

A

the product of the average force and interval of time the force is exerted for which is also equal to the change in momentum of an object due to a force applied over time t.

81
Q

Area under a force-time graph

A

impulse

82
Q

Area under a force-displacement graph

A

work done

83
Q

When is work done?

A

when energy is transferred from one form into another or when a force causes a movement

84
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of an object due to its motion

85
Q

gravitational potential energy

A

energy of an object due to its position

Physics (6 decks)

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