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Physics > Mechanics 2 > Flashcards

Mechanics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of pressure

A

force per unit area

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2
Q

P=

A

F/A

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3
Q

P

A

pressure

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4
Q

F

A

force

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5
Q

A

A

area

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6
Q

unit for pressure

A

N/m cubed = pascals

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7
Q

if an object is immersed in a liquid

A

it will experience a pressure due to the liquid

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8
Q

what does the pressure in a liquid depend on 3

A

depth below the surface (h)
density of the liquid (p)
acceleration due to gravity (g)

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9
Q

h

A

depth below the surface

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10
Q

p

A

density of the liquid

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11
Q

g

A

acceleration due to gravity

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12
Q

explain atmospheric pressure

A

the earth is surrounded by gases. these gases are attracted to the earth by the pull of gravity. these gases therefore exert a force on the earth and all objects near the earth, This force puts a pressure on all the objects

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13
Q

the average value of atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

1 x 10 to the 5 Pa

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14
Q

Pa stands for

A

pascals

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15
Q

what is used to measure atmospheric pressure

A

a barometer

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16
Q

as you rise above sea level

A

atmospheric pressure decreases

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17
Q

what is the name of the experiment to show atmospheric pressure

A

the collapsing can experiment

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18
Q

experiment to show atmospheric pressure

A

put a small amount of water into a metal can and boil this water with a bunsen burner
as the can fills with steam the air is driven out of the can
turn off the burner and put a tightly fitting lid on the can
the steam condenses back to water leaving a partial vacuum in the can
the can is crushed as the outside atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure inside the can

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19
Q

the bends - explain

A

the predominant gas in normal air is nitrogen. if diving deep below the water surface the very high pressure causes too much nitrogen to dissolve in the blood. if the diver returns to the surface to quickly this nitrogen can form bubbles in the blood. this blocks air getting to the brain. a slow and gradual return to the surface avoids this

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20
Q

is pressure a vector or a scalar quantity

A

a scalar quantity

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21
Q

density =

A

mass/volume

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22
Q

p =

A

m/v

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23
Q

archimedes principle

A

when an object is immersed in a fluid it will experience an upthrust equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced

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24
Q

law of floatation

A

when an object floats, the weight of the object equals the weight of the fluid displaced

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25
Q

what measures the density of a liquid

A

a hydrometer

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26
Q

what indicates the alcohol content of beer and wine

A

its density

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27
Q

what indicates the cream content of milk

A

its density

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28
Q

when an object is suspended below the surface of water

upthrust =

A

upward force on bottom - downward force on top

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29
Q

if the upthrust is greater than the weight

A

the object floats

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30
Q

if the upthrust is small than the weight

A

the object sinks

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31
Q

Boyle’s law

A

for a fixed mass of gas at a fixed temperature, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the volume of gas

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32
Q

boyles law in maths

A

p ∝ 1/V

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33
Q

p = (boyles law)

A

k x 1/V

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34
Q

p x V =

A

k1

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35
Q

p1 x V1 =

A

p2 xV2

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36
Q

why can we say that p1 x V1 = p2 x V2

A

because pressure multiplied by volume is constant

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37
Q

when do you use p1 x V1 = p2 x V2

A

when you have 2 volumes and pressures or if it changed

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38
Q

Moment of a force

A

how much of a spin that a force will cause

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39
Q

definition of moment of a force

A

M = F x d

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40
Q

M

A

moment of a force

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41
Q

F

A

force

42
Q

d

A

perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis

43
Q

3 qualifications to be a couple

A

parallel but acting in opposite directions
equal in magnitude
do not meet ‘head on’

44
Q

what does the moment of a couple tell you

A

how much of a spin the couple will cause (Torque)

45
Q

Definition of moment of a couple

A

T = F x d

46
Q

T

A

moment of a couple

47
Q

F

A

force

48
Q

d

A

perpendicular distance between the lines of action

49
Q

unit of moment of a couple

A

Nm

50
Q

Lever

A

a simple machine consisting of a rigid body which is free to rotate about a fixed point called an axis or fulcrum

51
Q

what can a lever be used for

A

to amplify a force

52
Q

Laws of equilibrium

A

a body is in equilibrium if

i) the vector sum of the forces in any direction on the body is zero
ii) the sum of the moment of the forces about any point on the body is zero

53
Q

what does it mean if the the vector sum of the forces in any direction on the body is zero

A

the forces acting on the body combine together to give no motion or to give uniform motion. we take this to mean no motion

54
Q

what does it mean that the sum of the moment of the forces about any point on the body is zero

A

the forces acting on the body result in no rotation or that body rotates uniformly. we take this as no rotation

55
Q

where can you assume the centre of gravity of a metre stick

A

50cm in (half way)

56
Q

equations if a body is in equilibrium

A

upward forces = downward forces

moment clockwise = moment anticlockwise

57
Q

2 ways to measure angles

A

degrees

radians

58
Q

angle in radians =

A

arc length / radius length

59
Q

theta =

A

s/r

60
Q

to convert from degrees to radians

A

360 º = 2 pi radians

61
Q

w =

A

theta/t

62
Q

w

A

angular velocity

63
Q

theta

A

change in angular displacement

64
Q

t

A

time taken for change

65
Q

is angular velocity a vector or scalar quantity

A

vector

66
Q

derive the relationship between angular and linear velocity

A 
w = θ/t
= s/rt
= (1/r)(s/t)
= v/r
rw = v
67
Q

Periodic time

A

the time taken to complete one full circular motion

68
Q

full circular motion

A

θ = 2 π radians

69
Q

(period) w =

A

2 π/T

70
Q

T =

A

2 π/ w

71
Q

how do objects moving with circular motion have a constant speed but continuously accelerate

A

because of their change in direction

72
Q

which direction is acceleration in circular motion

A

towards the middle

73
Q

name for acceleration in circular motion

A

centripetal acceleration

74
Q

2 formula for centripetal acceleration

A

v squared over r

w squared r

75
Q

what is centripetal force needed for?

A

to keep an object in circular motion

76
Q

equations for centripetal force

A 
F = mv squared / r
F = m w squared r
77
Q

definition of centripetal force

A

the force acting towards the centre of the circle for an object undergoing circular motion

78
Q

questions with horizontal circular motion

A

ignore gravity

79
Q

how to do questions with vertical circular motion

A

ON TOP
T + mg = mv squared / r
ON THE BOTTOM
T - mg = mv squared / r

80
Q

Newton’s law of universal gravitation

A

any 2 point masses in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

81
Q

Newton’s law of universal gravitation in maths

A

F = Gm1m2 / d squared

82
Q

F

A

force

83
Q

G

A

gravitational constant

84
Q

relationship between periodic time and radius of a satellite

A

T squared is proportional to R cubed

85
Q

derive that T squared is proportional to R cubed

A 
GMm/ r squared = m R w squared 
GM/r squared = R (2π/T) squared 
GM = R cubed (4π squared/T squared )
T squared = R cubed 4π squared/ GM
T squared ∝ R cubed
86
Q

Geostationary satellite

A

gives the illusion of being stationary above a particular point on the Earth. To an observer on Earth it always seems to be at the same place

87
Q

3 things a satellite must have to be geostationary

A

orbit the earth in the equatorial plane
have the same rotational period as the earth (24h)
move in the same direction as the earth

88
Q

what are geostationary satellites used for

A

communication satellites

89
Q

is the radius of the earth the radius of a geostationary satellite?

A

no

90
Q

to get the mathematical expression for the speed of a satellite

A

GMm/R squared = mv squared / R

91
Q

some examples of SHM

A

weight vibrating on the end of a sping
pendulum bob swinging through a small angle
vibrating tuning fork
vibrating stretched string

92
Q

Definition of Simple Harmonic Motion

A

The motion of an object whose acceleration is proportional to its displacement from a fixed point. The direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction of displacement

93
Q

maths for SHM

A

a = -w squared s

94
Q

a

A

acceleration

95
Q

s

A

displacement

96
Q

w

A

constant of proportionality

97
Q

2 equations for T

A

T = 1/f T= 2pi/w

98
Q

Hookes law (ALWAYS WORDS)

A

if an object is stretched or compressed the restoring force us directly proportional to the displacement if you stay within the elastic limit of the object

99
Q

maths for hookes law

A

F is proportional to s

F=-ks

100
Q

minus sign in hooke’s law means

A

the direction of the restoring force acts in the opposite direction to the displacement

101
Q

maths for a system that obeys hooke’s law and moves with SHM

A

w squared = k/m

Physics (11 decks)

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