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Science 8 > Mechanical Systems > Flashcards

Mechanical Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a lever

A

a simple machine that you use to exert a force on an object in order to move it

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2
Q

what is a fulcrum

A

the fixed point that supports the lever. the lever rotates around the folcrum

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3
Q

What is the effort force

A

the force supplied to any machine to produce movement/action

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4
Q

what is the load

A

the mass of an object that is moved or lifted by a machine

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5
Q

what is the effort arm?

A

it is the distance between the fulcrum and the effort force

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6
Q

what do we call the distance between the fulcrum and the load

A

the load arm

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7
Q

what are the three classes of lever

A

Class 1 = the fulcrum is between the effort and the load (like a seesaw)

Class 2 = the load is between the fulcrum and the effort (wheelbarrow)

Class 3 = the effort force is between the fulcrum and the load (hockey stick or baseball bat)

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8
Q

What type of lever are most of the levers in your body?

A

Class 3

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9
Q

What is canada’s most interesting outerspace lever?

A

The Canadarm (The Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System). It functions much like a human arm.

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10
Q

What is work?

A

Work = force X distance

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11
Q

How is work measured?

A

work in measured in joules

When you lift one newton a distance of 1 m you have done 1 joule of work

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12
Q

What is an inclined plane?

A

A slope that reduces the force needed to lift something

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13
Q

Suppose that you are a passenger in a SUV gets stuck in the mud. You and the driver use a tree branch to pry the back end out of the mud with both of you pushing on the same end over another tree. (like a class 1 lever) If the truck has a load force of 2500 N and you and the driver apply an effort force of 500N, what would the mechanical advantage be?

A

5

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14
Q

To lift a quad out of the mud, you decide to use a thick branch as a lever. The entire branch is 1.5m long and you rest the branch on a log so that 0.5m is under the edge of the trailer. You are able to push down on the other end of the branch with a force of 300N. What is the maximum force you would apply to the trailer?

A

600N

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15
Q

A grocery store clerk is trying to convince the manager that he deserve a raise because he does more work than the clerk who brings carts into the store. In one hour, the clerk lifts each 10kg bag from a pallet of 50 bags onto a shelf 1.5m off the floor, and the clerk who moves the carts pushes 25 carts each weighing 7kg a distance of 10m from the parking lot into the store. Who does more work, and by how much?

A

The clerk who moves the cart by 10 000 Joules

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16
Q

What is the effect on work when Mechanical Advantage is greater than one

A

work is easier

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17
Q

There are many examples of levers in the human body. Your forearm, bicep and hand form a:

A

Class 3 lever

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18
Q

If a ramp that is 3m long is used to reach a loading dock that is 1.5m high, how much work effort force will be expected to push a crate that has a load force of 1200N onto the loading dock?

A

600N

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19
Q

In a lever, what is the most noticeable difference when you move the fulcrum closer to the load:

A

Work becomes easier

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20
Q

Force is measured using Newtons. How do you convert kilograms to Newtons

A

Option 3

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21
Q

The oars on a row boat are an example of a class 1 lever. Which of the following is another example of a class 1 lever?

A

Scissors

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22
Q

A child pulls a sled up a snow-covered hill. In the process, the child does 405 J of work on the sled. If she walks a distance of 15 m up the hill, how large a force does she exert on the sled?

A

27N

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23
Q

In class 1 and 2 levers, shifting the fulcrum further from the load makes it ________________ to lift the load.

A

Harder

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24
Q 
Which of the following could be the mechanical advantage of a class 3 lever? 
What is the effect on work when Mechanical Advantage is greater than one:
A

work is easier

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25
Two people use a ramp to move a heavy crate onto a truck. If it requires 525N of effort to move the crate, and the ramp is 3m long and reaches a height of 1m. What was the load force is required to move the crate?
1575 N
26
If someone pulled on the rope in this pulley system with a force of 130 N, which of the following is the greatest load could they lift?
650N
27
When using the pulley system, the load was raised 2m off of the ground. How far did they need to pull on the free end of the rope?
10m
28
What is Mechanical Advantage
Mechanical advantage (MA) compares the force that is produced by a machine (the load) with the force that is applied to the machine (the effort force) MA indicates how much a machine can increase or decrease the force on a load, compared with the effort force.
29
What is the formula for Mechanical Advantage
MA=Load force(FL) / Effort Force (FE)
30
What is a Class 1 lever?
the fulcrum is between the effort and the load. A pair of scissors is an example of a Class 1 lever
31
How do you convert Newtons
Remember to convert Force to Newtons (100g = 1N and 1Kg = 1000g = 10N) and distance to Meters
32
What is a Class 2 lever?
always exerts a greater force on the load than the effort force you exert on the lever. In this type of lever, the load is between the effort and the fulcrum, such as a wheelbarrow,
33
What is a class 3 lever?
the effort is exerted between the fulcrum and the load, a hockey stick, for example
34
What is input work?
The work you do on the machine
35
What is output work
The work the machine does on the load
36
Do you use units in Mechanical Advantage calculations?
no, they are a ratio
37
What are ergonomics?
The science of designing machines to suit people
38
What is a winch
A winch consists of a small cylinder and a crank or handle.
39
What is a gear?
A gear is a rotating wheel-like object with teeth around its rim.
40
What is a gear train?
A group of two or more gears is called a gear train.
41
What is the first gear in a gear train called?
The driving gear (often called the driver)
42
What is the second gear called in a gear train
The second gear is called the driven gear (often called the follower).
43
What is a sprocket ?
A gear with teeth that fit into the links of a chain is called a sprocket.
44
What is speed ratio?
Speed ratio = Number of driver gear teeth / Number of follower gear teeth
45
What is a pulley?
a pulley is a grooved wheel with a rope or a chain running along the groove.
46
What is a fixed pulley?
A fixed pulley is attached to something that does not move, such as a ceiling, a wall, or a tree.
47
What is a movable pulley
A movable pulley is attached to something else, often by a rope that goes around the pulley itself.
48
What is kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is a form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion. If work, which transfers energy, is done on an object by applying a net force, the object speeds up and thereby gains kinetic energy.
49
What is potential energy
potential energy, stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a system. A spring has more potential energy when it is compressed or stretched. A steel ball has more potential energy raised above the ground than it has after falling to Earth.
50
What is energy transmission
In energy transmission, the energy is transferred from one place to another, and no energy is changed or converted.
51
What is efficiency
The efficiency of a machine tells you how much of the energy you gave to the machine was transferred to the load by the machine.
52
Is any machine 100% efficient?
no
53
How do you calculate efficiency
Efficiency = Work done by lever on load / Work done on lever by effort force × 100%
54
What are low efficiency machines
Low-efficiency machines lose much of the work put into them because of friction; high-efficiency machines do not.
55
What is a way to boost efficiency in machines
add some sort of lubricant
56
Why do machines lose efficiency
because of friction or other loss of transfer energy
57
Can friction be useful
Yes Many sports and outdoor activities use friction in a useful way. Baseball players and gymnasts rub a powder called rosin on their hands to increase friction and improve their grip.
58
What is pressure?
The force(F) acting over a certain area(A)
59
What is the equation for force?
The equation for pressure is written as: Pressure=Force/Area or p=F/A
60
What is force measured in?
Newtons
61
What is a pascal (Pa)?
The unit for pressure (Newtons/m squared)
62
What is a kilopascal?
1000Pa
63
What is Pascal's Law?
Pascal’s law states that pressure exerted on a contained fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid and perpendicular to the walls of the container.
64
What is a hydraulic lift?
A hydraulic lift is a mechanical system that raises heavy objects, such as a vehicle on a service station lift.
65
What is a closed system?
A closed system is a self-contained collection of parts.
66
What is an example of a closed system?
Your body
67
What is a hydraulic system?
A hydraulic system is a drive technology where a fluid is used to move the energy from e.g. an electric motor to an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder.
68
what is a pneumatic system
A pneumatic system is a collection of interconnected components using compressed air or gas to do work for automated equipment.
69
Give four examples of pneumatic devices.
Nail gun, Dentist Drill, Jack hammer and Hovercraft
70
List four instruments or machines that use hydraulics.
Tractor, Bulldozer, Airplane wing flaps and Garbage Truck
71
What is a subsystem
When a simple machine is part of a large system, we call it a subsystem.
72
How does a steam engine work
In a steam engine, fuel such as coal or wood is burned to heat water in a boiler outside the engine. The water changes to steam and drives the engine

Science 8 (3 decks)

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