Measuring Outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

Define death rates

A

Number of deaths/number of people at risk of dying

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2
Q

Define age-specific death rates

A

Death rate for specific group of population

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3
Q

Define proportionate mortality

A

Number of deaths from a given cause, per 100 or per 1000 total deaths.

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4
Q

Define infant mortality

A

Deaths of children aged 1-4 years. This is a basic health indicator.

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5
Q

Which death rate is a basic health indicator?

A

Infant mortality

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6
Q

Define maternal mortality rate

A

Risk of mothers dying from causes associated with delivering babies, complication of pregnancy or childbirth.

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7
Q

Define adult mortality rate

A

Probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 years, per 1000.

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8
Q

Define life expectancy

A

Average number of years an individual of given age is expected to live is current mortality rates continue

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9
Q

Define age-standardised rates

A

Summary measures of death rate that a population would have if it had a standard age structure.

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10
Q

Define morbidity

A

Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well being.

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11
Q

What is commonly used to measure morbidity?

A

Quality adjusted life years and disability adjusted life years.

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12
Q

What are years of potential life lost (PYLL)?

A

Measure of health expectancy or number of potential years of life lost if they die before a certain age (normally before 65).

PYLL= (total number of deaths from a specific cause in each age group) x (average number of years of life lost as a result of each of these deaths).

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13
Q

What are quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)

A

Weigh each year of life by the perceived quality of that life from a value of 1 (perfect) down to 0.

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14
Q

What are disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

A

Measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death.

DALYs = Years of Life Lost (YLL) + Years Lost to Disability (YLD)

YYL- actual death
YLD- alive but reduced quality of life

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15
Q

What is incidence?

A

The rate of occurrence of new cases in a given period in a given population.

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16
Q

What are the two ways in which incidence is expressed as and calculated?

A
Rate = (number of new cases)/ person-time
Cumulative incidence (proportion) = (# of new cases during a time period)/ (#of disease-free subjects at the start of follow-up). Values range 0-1
17
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Frequency of existing cases in defined population at a give time.

18
Q

How is prevalence calculated?

A

(# cases of a disease present in a population)/ (# of persons in a population).

19
Q

If the incidence is low and the population is stationary, how else can prevalence be calculated?

A

(Incidence rate) x (average duration of disease)

20
Q

What is attack rate?

A

(Number of people affected) / (number of people exposed to each food)
Used for outbreaks that occur over a short period of time (e.g. salmonella outbreak).

21
Q

What is case fatality?

A

Deaths within those diagnose by the disease

Case fatality= (number of deaths from diagnosed cases in a given period) / (number of diagnosed cases of the disease in the same period) x 100.

22
Q

What is the relative risk, or risk ratio?

A

(Risk in the exposed population) / (risk in the unexposed population) = (Re/Ru)

23
Q

What is the attributable risk, risk difference?

A

(Risk difference): risk attributable to the exposure

Difference in risk between exposed and unexposed Re-Ru

24
Q

How do you calculate the percentage of cases that can be attributed to the exposure?

A

(Re-Ru)/Re x 100%