Measuring development

Question 1

What is the definition for development?

Answer 1

Positive change that makes things better. As a country develops it usually means that people’s standard of living and quality of life will improve.

Question 2

What are the different factors that affect a country’s speed and level of development?

Answer 2

Environmental factors: natural hazards like earthquakes
economic factors: trade and debt
social factors: access to clean drinking water and education
political factors: stable government or civil war

Question 3

What is meant by the development gap?

Answer 3

Describes the difference in standards of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries.

Question 4

What is an Economic indicator?

Answer 4

measure development based on how rich or poor a country is

Question 5

Example of an Economic indicator?

Answer 5

Gross National Income (GNI)
- total value of goods and services produced by a country, and money earned from and paid to other countries. (per head of the population.
-LIC: North Korea, Ethiopia
-lower middle: philippines, india
-Upper middle:Brazil, china
- HIC: Uk, USA, Australia

Question 6

Birth rate

Answer 6

As a country develops, woman are more likely to become educated and want a career rather than staying at home.
Decrease: they would marry later and have fewer children
UK= 12.17
nigeria = 37.64

Question 7

Death rate

Answer 7

developed countries tend to have older populations and death rates are high. In less developed countries rate would be lower because there are more people.
Increase: Bangladesh = 5.61
Japan = 9.51

Question 8

Infant Mortality

Answer 8

Measures a country’s health care system
Decrease:
Uk = 4.38
nigeria = 72

Question 9

life expectancy

Answer 9

Shows how good the health care system is and diet if people live longer
Increases as it develops due to better health care system

Question 10

People per doctor

Answer 10

Number of doctors per 1000 people indicated how much money a country has for medical services and training and recruiting doctors which have knock of effects of the quality of life and people’s wellbeing
Decreases
USA: 5.87
Bangladesh = 44.09 - more stress on the health care system

Question 11

literacy rates

Answer 11

Shows a country has a good education system - schools and university
increase
UK= 99
ivory coast = 43.1

Question 12

Access to safe water

Answer 12

Having a high percentage of access to clean water shows a country has modern infrastructure - dams, reservoirs, water treatment plants
Increase = japan = 100
Nigeria = 69

Question 13

What is HDI?

Answer 13

Devised by the United Nations, HDI links wealth to health and education. It combines the three indicators
it uses:
life expectancy
number of years of education
GNI per head

Question 14

What were some of the rankings in 2014?

Answer 14

the highest ranked country was Norway (0.944), Australia (0.935), Switzerland (0.930)
UK was 14th (0.030
Lowest = Niger (0.347)

Question 15

What are the limitations of economic and social measures?

Answer 15

A single measurement of development can give a false picture as it gives the average for the whole country. It doesn’t show inequality and even countries with a high GNI can have poor part.

Question 16

What dies the Demographic transition Model and the level of development aim?

Answer 16

Tries to explain what happens to the population in a country as it develops.

Question 17

Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Increase

Answer 17

The number of live births per 1000 of the population
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population
Rise in population due to the birth rate being higher than the death rate.

Question 18

Stage 1

Answer 18

High fluctuating death rate and birth rate - total populations remains slow and steady.
Medical care is basic and poor. Families need to have more children to replace the children who have died
pre-industrial countries like rural china and amazonian Brazil

Question 19

Stage 2

Answer 19

Birth Rate remains high and steady. DR falls dramatically
Population starts to increase quickly (natural Increase)
Culturally, people are used to having large families even though there is better medical care now and the DR is decreasing.
Niger and Afghanistan

Question 20

Stage 3

Answer 20

BR falls dramatically and eventually to the DR level. Population continues to increase.
Culturally, families realise they don’t need alot of children due to better healthcare so rate of NI starts to slow down
Nigeria

Question 21

Stage 4

Answer 21

Low fluctuating BR and DR
Women having careers and starts having less children and families which balances our to the replacement level. total population remains steady and high
USA and South Korea

Question 22

Stage 5

Answer 22

BR falls below DR ( below replacement level). Total population starts to fall.
Women start having families later in life due to education and careers. Cost of childcare is very expensive
Japan
UK

Question 23

How is there a development imbalance around the world?

Answer 23

There is a global imbalance between rich and poor. Some countries like some parts of Africa and the Middle East have lower levels of development and a poorer wuality of life than richer western countries
There are imbalances within the countries - considerable poverty can be found in parts of the UK and USA and some great wealth in some of the world’s poorest countries.

Question 24

Why are some countries poorer than others?

Answer 24

-Lack of access to resources like gold, precious minerals and water
- Lack of tech
- colonialism
- landlocked countries - lack of access to coastline for trade - bad relationships with other countries
-corrupt governance
- environmental issues such as subsaharan Africa which is Arid
- civil war - political tensions
-natural hazards

Question 25

What are some of the reasons for uneven development

Answer 25

In the past some countries were ‘owned’ by others. For example the UK owned India. The countries fought to be independent , money is spent on weapons and makes the government unstable and corrupt.
Between 1650-1900 over 10 million people were transported as slaves from Africa to North America to work on farms. The money made here went to Europe and not back to Africa.
Rich countries want to pay as little as possible for raw materials (which often come from LICS), there is often more products than necessary so prices are low.
tropical Climate can result in more diseases like malaria which makes people ill and too weak to work.

Question 26

Investment

Answer 26

A country or big company (TNC) might choose to spend money on a foreign country e.g infrastructure like roads or electricity, improve ports or develop new industries.
If a foreign country invests in a poorer country it can lead to the creation of more jobs = more people working and paying tax = tax money can be spent on improving schools or hospitals = healthier and more education population - MULTIPLIER EFFECT
China has more than 2000 companies invested in Africa. China have invested a power plant in Zimbabwe, and a hydroelectricity in Madagascar and railway construction in Sudan.

Question 27

Tourism

Answer 27

Countries with tropical beaches, spectacular landscapes or amazing wildlife have become tourist destinations as people like to go on holiday to these areas.
This has lead to investment and increased income from abroad which can further be invested in education, infrastructure and housing. tourism employs 200000 people.
Caribbean Bahamas have become dependant on this and can generate alot of money but if people cant afford to go on holiday then they dont make much money.

Question 28

Aid

Answer 28

When a country or non government organisation like Oxfam donates resources to a country to help it develop or improves people’s lives
Aid can enable countries to invest in development projects which brings long term benefits. On a local scale aid can help people improve people’s quality of life as it focuses on education, services and health care.
UK aid to Pakistan - it helps 66million people in Pakistan who live in poverty and also education.

Question 29

Intermediate Technology

Answer 29

This is sustainable technology which is appropriate for the local people. This is only small scale and they must be able to work it and fix it themselves and this should not replace people’s jobs.
Small scale projects associated with with agriculture, water or health. This involves local communities and makes a big difference to the quality of people’s lives.
Irrigation in Adis Nadas (Ethiopia). A small dam was built to create a reservoir close to the village fields and each family of the village has a small section of land for crops which can be watered using water from the resevoir so there is enough food to eat.

Question 30

Fairtrade

Answer 30

sets standards for trade between rich and poor countries. It makes sure the poor farmers get a good deal.
It encourages trade between member countries. Richer countries cannot shop around for cheaper prices. Members can command a greater share of the market. Members are able to get higher prices for goods.
Uganda coffee - 90% of coffee farmers in Uganda joined together to promise not to sell their coffee below a certain price. Their wages are spent on their children to go to school.

Question 31

Debt relief

Answer 31

The world’s richest countries agreed to cancel the debt of the world’s poorest countries.
Countries that aren’t corrupt and are democratic which have a struggling history.
Tanzania - now government can afford to provide free education for children - 66% increase in attendance

Question 32

Microfinance loans

Answer 32

small scale financial support from banks to help poor families.
Sponsoring people which helps them to make a small business (stalls) and once they make a profit they pay them back the money they send
Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) - bank was founded to help local people especially women. Loans to set a business are small and have low interest - women bought mobile phones using a loan and charged people in the village to use them. Loan is repaid and village makes a profit.