Measurements & Data Processes Flashcards
What are the rules of IHD
single bonds = 0
double bonds/cyclic = 1
triple bonds = 2
- if a compound has a ring structure and a double bond the IHD number needs to be added
What are the two types of errors
random and systematic
What factors affect random errors the most
- changes in the environment
- human misreading
What is the consequence of random errors
lack of precision
What factors affect systematic error the most
- faulty or poorly designed equipment
List the information provided by an HNMR
- number of different protons environments
- n° of protons adjacent to atoms
- relative number of protons in each environment
What is the function of X-Ray Crystallography
can be used to identify the bond lengths and bond angles of crystalline compounds (atomic radius, ionic radius)
What is the function of infrared spectroscopy
helps identify functional groups and types of covalent bonds
What is the function of mass spectrometry
helps identify relative atomic mass
- fragments of organic compounds
What is the formula for percentage uncertainty
absolute value/measured value x 100
How can random errors be reduced
by repeated trials and measurements
How can systematic errors be reduced
by changing the procedure and making sure you are using the instruments correctly
What is the formula for percentage error
(estimated - actual) ÷ actual
What does the y and x-value usually represent in a graph
y: the dependent variable
x: the independent variable
