Measurement, Statistics & Research

Question 1

What is measurement?

Answer 1

Process of comparing a value to a standard

Question 2

What are data? a datum?

Answer 2

Result of measurements

Datum is one measurement

Question 3

What is Statistics?

Answer 3

Technique which data are organized, treated, and presented for interpretation and evaluation

Question 4

What is reliability?

Answer 4

Usually tested by the “tested-retest” method, it is the consistency of the data

Question 5

What is validity?

Answer 5

Appropriateness of the test in measuring what it is designed to measure

Question 6

What is objectivity?

Answer 6

Data are collected without bias by investigator

Question 7

What are the (4) steps in the Process of Measurement?

Answer 7

1) Identify object to measure
2) Standard defined to compare the measured object
3. )Object is compared with standard
4. )Quantitative statement and relationship is made of object and standard

Question 8

What is a constant? Provide an example.

Answer 8

Only 1 value that is for sure accurate. It can never change.

Example: pi=3.14 & “A” is the first letter of the alphabet

Question 9

What is a variable?

Answer 9

Possible to have more than 1 value

Question 10

What are the (2) types of variables?

Answer 10

Continuous & Discrete

Question 11

What is a continuous variable? Provide an example

Answer 11

Every possible value can be assumed or had

Example -
Age: 25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99 picosends…

Question 12

What is a discrete variable? Provide an example

Answer 12

Limitation between certain number or integer. It is countable.
Example: 9 people have measles, not 91/2
Amount of money in your pocket

Question 13

What are the (4) types of data?

Answer 13

1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4. ) Ratio

Question 14

What is Nominal data? Provide an example

Answer 14

Mutually Exclusive Categoris

Example: Gender ( Male & Female)

Question 15

What is Ordinal Data? Provide an example

Answer 15

Rank Order scale, giving quantity based on order, not indicating how much more better than another

Example: Athletes who are placed in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place. 1st is in 1st place, 2nd is in 2nd place. We will never know how comparable they are in skill. All we know is person in 1st place is in 1st place and is better than 2nd and 3rd.

Example: Order of shortest to tallest, 1 (shortest) & 10 (tallest) 9 is taller than 8 & less than 10, but how much taller? by 0.8 in? We won’t know.

Question 16

What is Interval Data? Provide an example

Answer 16

Often used in scored events - Having equal units, or intervals, of measurement with no meaning to zero or an absolute zero point

Example: When an athlete is scored “0”, this does not mean they didn’t do anything or have no skill. They did what they can but is not good enough for a score.
They suck at what they do…

Question 17

What is ratio data? Provide example

Answer 17

Scale is based on order, having equal distance between scale points, and HAS MEANING to zero

Example: Receiving a score of “0” means you didn’t do
anything
Not moving at all = 0 inches

Question 18

What is historical research?

Answer 18

Searching through past records( what happened & why?) to solve the present, and learning from the past

Question 19

What is observational research?

Answer 19

describing events or conditions without the researcher actively manipulating data

Question 20

What is experimental research?

Answer 20

Research process that includes manipulating & controlling events or variables, making cause-effect inferences

Question 21

What is an alternate hypothesis( H1)?

Answer 21

Statement predicting relationship or different between or among group subjects

Question 22

What is a null hypothesis (Ho)?

Answer 22

Statement that is no relationship or difference between groups

Question 23

If an alternate hypothesis is true, then?. & vice versa

Answer 23

If alternate hypothesis is true, then null hypothesis is false.

Question 24

If there is a low probability, then what do we do with the null hypothesis? High probability?

Answer 24

Low probability = reject null hypothesis
High probability = support null hypothesis

If there is low probability of nothing changing, then you reject the (Ho) because the probability of nothing happening is low.

If the probability is high of something changing , then you support (Ho) because the probability of nothing happening is high.

Question 25

What is a parameter?

Answer 25

characteristic of ENTIRE Population (measured

Question 26

What is a statistic ?

Answer 26

characteristic of a sample that is used to (ESTIMATE) the value of the population

Question 27

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 27

Variable being measured and effected by Independent. It is on the (y) axis.

Question 28

What is Independent variable?

Answer 28

Variable being controlled and manipulated (x) axis.