Measurement, Statistics & Research Flashcards
What is measurement?
Process of comparing a value to a standard
What are data? a datum?
Result of measurements
Datum is one measurement
What is Statistics?
Technique which data are organized, treated, and presented for interpretation and evaluation
What is reliability?
Usually tested by the “tested-retest” method, it is the consistency of the data
What is validity?
Appropriateness of the test in measuring what it is designed to measure
What is objectivity?
Data are collected without bias by investigator
What are the (4) steps in the Process of Measurement?
1) Identify object to measure
2) Standard defined to compare the measured object
3. )Object is compared with standard
4. )Quantitative statement and relationship is made of object and standard
What is a constant? Provide an example.
Only 1 value that is for sure accurate. It can never change.
Example: pi=3.14 & “A” is the first letter of the alphabet
What is a variable?
Possible to have more than 1 value
What are the (2) types of variables?
Continuous & Discrete
What is a continuous variable? Provide an example
Every possible value can be assumed or had
Example -
Age: 25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99 picosends…
What is a discrete variable? Provide an example
Limitation between certain number or integer. It is countable.
Example: 9 people have measles, not 91/2
Amount of money in your pocket
What are the (4) types of data?
1) Nominal
2) Ordinal
3) Interval
4. ) Ratio
What is Nominal data? Provide an example
Mutually Exclusive Categoris
Example: Gender ( Male & Female)
What is Ordinal Data? Provide an example
Rank Order scale, giving quantity based on order, not indicating how much more better than another
Example: Athletes who are placed in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place. 1st is in 1st place, 2nd is in 2nd place. We will never know how comparable they are in skill. All we know is person in 1st place is in 1st place and is better than 2nd and 3rd.
Example: Order of shortest to tallest, 1 (shortest) & 10 (tallest) 9 is taller than 8 & less than 10, but how much taller? by 0.8 in? We won’t know.
What is Interval Data? Provide an example
Often used in scored events - Having equal units, or intervals, of measurement with no meaning to zero or an absolute zero point
Example: When an athlete is scored “0”, this does not mean they didn’t do anything or have no skill. They did what they can but is not good enough for a score.
They suck at what they do…
What is ratio data? Provide example
Scale is based on order, having equal distance between scale points, and HAS MEANING to zero
Example: Receiving a score of “0” means you didn’t do
anything
Not moving at all = 0 inches
What is historical research?
Searching through past records( what happened & why?) to solve the present, and learning from the past
What is observational research?
describing events or conditions without the researcher actively manipulating data
What is experimental research?
Research process that includes manipulating & controlling events or variables, making cause-effect inferences
What is an alternate hypothesis( H1)?
Statement predicting relationship or different between or among group subjects
What is a null hypothesis (Ho)?
Statement that is no relationship or difference between groups
If an alternate hypothesis is true, then?. & vice versa
If alternate hypothesis is true, then null hypothesis is false.
If there is a low probability, then what do we do with the null hypothesis? High probability?
Low probability = reject null hypothesis
High probability = support null hypothesis
If there is low probability of nothing changing, then you reject the (Ho) because the probability of nothing happening is low.
If the probability is high of something changing , then you support (Ho) because the probability of nothing happening is high.
What is a parameter?
characteristic of ENTIRE Population (measured
What is a statistic ?
characteristic of a sample that is used to (ESTIMATE) the value of the population
What is a dependent variable?
Variable being measured and effected by Independent. It is on the (y) axis.
What is Independent variable?
Variable being controlled and manipulated (x) axis.
