MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE

Question 1

is defined as the length of a step in walking. Note that 2 paces is equivalent to a stride.

Answer 1

Pace

Question 2

consists of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a required distance.

Answer 2

Pacing

Question 3

The length of an individual’s pace is done by walking with natural steps back and forth over a level course at least 100 m long and dividing the known distance by the average number of steps. The result is called

Answer 3

Pace Factor

Question 4

The formula for pace factor

Answer 4

PF = Length of the line/number of paces

m/pace

Question 5

Once the PF was established, the approximate length of a line can be determined by

Answer 5

multiplying the pace factor by the corresponding number of paces for that line.

Question 6

Desirable relative precision:

Answer 6

1/200 or lower

Question 7

is suitable in determining approximate distances in conditions where low precision is sufficient such as reconnaissance survey, small-scale mapping, and locating details.

Answer 7

Pacing

Question 8

Factors Affecting Pace Factor

Answer 8

❑ Speed of pacing
❑ Roughness of the ground
❑ Weight of clothing and shoes
❑ Fatigue on the part of pacer
❑ Slope of the terrain
❑ Age and gender of individual

Question 9

involves direct measurement of distances with steel tapes

Answer 9

Taping

Question 10

most common way of measuring

Answer 10

taping

Question 11

consists of stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance indicated on the tape

Answer 11

taping

Question 12

Types of Measuring Tape

Answer 12

Steel tape
Metallic tape
Non-metallic tape
Invar tape
Fiberglass tape
Builder’s tape
Wire
Phosphor-Bronze tape
Nylon-Coated Steel tape

Question 13

➢ Made of ribbon of steel
➢ 0.5 – 1.0 cm in width and weighs 1.5 kg per 30 meters
➢ Available length: 30m, 50m, and 100m
➢ Designed for most conventional measurements in surveying and engineering works.

Answer 13

Steel Tape

Question 14

➢ Made of brass, copper, or stainless steel to increase its strength and reduce stretching
➢ Unsuitable for precise measurements and should not be used around electrical installations.

Answer 14

Metallic Tape

Question 15

➢ Coated with plastic material
➢ Reduce effects of moisture, humidity and abrasion
➢ Safe to use when working around electrical installations

Answer 15

Non-Metallic Tape

Question 16

➢ Made of an alloy of nickel (35%) and steel (65%)
➢ Very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Its name was derived from “invariable” since it is less affected by thermal stress
➢ Use for precise measurement
➢ 10 times expensive as ordinary steel tape
➢ Requires careful handling since it is easily bent and damaged

Answer 16

Invar Tape

Question 17

➢ Woven with fiberglass (longitudinal and transverse pattern)
➢ Strong and flexible
➢ Best used in vicinity of electrical equipment

Answer 17

Fiberglass Tape

Question 18

➢ Smaller cross sections and lighter than engineer’s tape
➢ Commonly used in building construction

Answer 18

Builder’s Tape

Question 19

➢ Used before thin flat steel tapes
➢ Still practical in hydrographic survey

Answer 19

Wires

Question 20

➢ Rust-proof tape
➢ Used in vicinity of salt water

Answer 20

Phosphor-Bronze Tape

Question 21

➢ Flexible and crack-resistant
➢ Steel core tape
➢ With coating of permanently bonded non-conducting nylon
➢ Resistant to corrosion and rust

Answer 21

Nylon-Coated Steel Tape

Question 22

Taping Accessories

Answer 22

Range Pole
Chaining Pins
Plumb Bob
Hand Level and Clinometer
Wooden Stake or Hub

Question 23

➢ Made of wood or metal about 2 to 3 m long
➢ Painted with alternate 30 cm long red and white bands that can be used for rough measurements
➢ Used as a temporary signal to indicate the location of points, direction of lines, and alignment.

Answer 23

Range Pole

Question 24

➢ Used to mark tape lengths
➢ About 30 cm in length and are made of number 12 steel wire, sharply pointed at one end, and have a round loop at the other end
➢ 1 set consists of 11 pins carried on a steel ring

Answer 24

Chaining Pins

Question 25

➢ Used to project the tape end to the exact point on the ground
➢ Should be attached to a 1.5 m long string/cord
➢ Should weigh a minimum of 8 oz and have a fine point

Answer 25

Plumb Bob

Question 26

➢ Consist of a metal sighting tube with a level bubble
➢ For approximate measurement of vertical angles

Answer 26

Hand Level and Clinometer

Question 27

➢ Made of 5 cm × 5 cm × 30 cm wood for marking points or stations on the ground
➢ The top of the hub is usually marked by driving a nail or tack on its center

Answer 27

Wooden Stake or Hub

Question 28

is a method of obtaining horizontal distances and differences in elevation based on the optical geometry of the instrument.

Answer 28

Tacheometry

Question 29

The lens of the telescope of the instrument is equipped with __________ that are used to capture rod readings.

Answer 29

stadia hairs

Question 30

based on the principle that in similar triangles, the corresponding sides are proportional

Answer 30

stadia method

Question 31

The equipment for stadia measurements consist of

Answer 31

theodolite/transit and a graduated rod called stadia rod.

Question 32

When a line is measured with tape that is “too long”, the corrections are applied to the observed length by ___________

Answer 32

adding

Question 33

When a specified or required length is to be laid out with a tape that is “too long” , the corrections are to be ___________ from the known length to determine the corrected length to be laid out.

Answer 33

subtracted

Question 34

When measuring or laying out lengths with tape that is “_______”, the
corrections are applied opposite to that stated in the first two rules

Answer 34

too short